Planning Results for High Tibial Osteotomies in Degenerative Varus Osteoarthritis Using Standing and Supine Whole Leg Radiographs

Abstract

Objective In this study, we hypothesized that standing and supine X‐rays lead to different preoperative planning results. Methods The present study included 168 pictures from 81 patients who were treated surgically with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for varus deformity between January 2017 and February 2018. Each patient underwent whole leg X‐ray examinations in both standing and supine position. On both images, the following parameters were measured: degree of axis deviation (DAD), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), width of medial (MJS) and lateral joint space (LJS), and the correction angle (CA). The results were correlated with the patients’ age and body mass index (BMI). To analyze intra‐observer reliability, the same researcher, blinded to the previous measurements, remeasured all X‐rays from 10 patients 8 weeks after the initial measurements were carried out. Results While mLDFA (P = 0.075), mMPTA (P = 0.435), and MJS (P = 0.119) did not show any differences between the two modalities, LJS (P = 0.016) and DAD (P < 0.001) differed significantly, leading to different correction angles (P < 0.001). The mean difference of the CA was 1.7° ± 2.2° (range, −2.6° to−15.4°). In 14 legs (17%), the standing X‐ray led to a correction angle that was at least 3° larger than the calculation revealed in the supine X‐ray; in 4 legs (5%), it was at least 5° larger. Increased BMI (r = 0.191, P = 0.088) and older age (r = 0.057 , P = 0.605) did not show relevant correlation with DAD differences. However, more severe varus malalignment in the supine radiograph did correlate moderately with differences of correction angles between supine and weight‐bearing radiographs (r = 0.414, P < 0.001). The analysis of the intra‐rater reliability revealed mediocre to excellent intercorrelation coefficients between the measurements of the observer. Conclusion The use of supine and standing X‐ray images leads to different planning results when performing high tibial osteotomies for varus gonarthrosis. To avoid potential overcorrection, surgeons might consider increased lateral joint spaces on standing radiographs in osteoarthritic knees with varus deviation.

Anatomical Study of the Lateral Tibial Spine as a Landmark for Weight Bearing Line Assessment during High Tibial Osteotomy

“…To reduce the correction error during HTO, pre-operative planning based on weight-bearing line assessment plays an important role, and the first step in HTO pre-operative planning is the determination of the appropriate target point on the tibial plateau [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Since it was first documented in 1979, the Fujisawa point (62–63%) has been commonly used as an ideal realignment target during HTO, and the outcome of HTO has also been evaluated using this reference point [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”