Planning for Cars in Cities: Planners, Engineers, and Freeways in the 20th Century

Brown, Jeffrey R.; Morris, Eric A.; Taylor, Brian D.

doi:10.1080/01944360802640016

Cited by 65 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Both cities had streetcar systems by the end of the 19th century, which were abandoned as the automobile and bus systems were expanded—a typical pattern in American cities of the time (Brown, Morris, and Taylor 2009). Chicago’s first elevated rail transit line opened in October 1897, followed by opening of subways in 1943 and 1951, the addition of rail service in the median of three expressways from 1958 to 1970, and rail service expansion to its airports in 1984 and 1993 (Chicago Transit Authority 2015).…”

Section: Overview Of Bike Sharing and Rail Transit In Austin And Chicagomentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for Bike Share Connectivity to Rail Transit

Griffin¹,

Sener²

2016

JPT

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Bike sharing can play a role in providing access to transit stations and then to final destinations, but early implementation of these systems in North America has been opportunistic rather than strategic. This study evaluates local intermodal plan goals using trip data and associated infrastructure such as transit stops and bike share station locations in Austin, Texas, and Chicago, Illinois. Bike sharing use data from both cities suggest a weak relationship with existing rail stations that could be strengthened through collaborative, intermodal planning. The study suggests a planning framework and example language that could be tailored to help address the linkage between bike sharing and transit. Rather than an exhaustive study of the practice, this study provides evidence from these two cities that identify opportunities to improve intermodal planning. Cities that are planning or expanding a bike sharing system should consider carefully how to leverage this mode with existing modes of transport. Regardless of a city’s status in implementing a bike sharing system, planners can leverage information on existing transport systems for planning at regional and local levels.

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Section: Overview Of Bike Sharing and Rail Transit In Austin And Chicagomentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for Bike Share Connectivity to Rail Transit

Griffin¹,

Sener²

2016

JPT

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“…Therefore, the planning sessions at the IFHTP congresses continuously assessed the state of town planning legislation in the participating countries and the land policies that were part of this legislation. Besides the control of land, the planning experts struggled with the consequences of increasing motorcar ownership (Brown, Taylor, & Morris, 2009;Mumford, 1963). At the planning sessions at the IFHTP congresses, the planners continuously reassessed their planning concepts to accommodate increased automobility, focusing on regulation and containment of traffic flows, while securing accessibility and safety.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Border Country Planning Dialogue in Interwar Europe

Geertse¹

2015

SAGE Open

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The past years witnessed many publications on the roles of transnational expert networks in defining new professional fields and lobbying for social reform in the first half of the 20th century. The modern spatial planning profession, still in a stage of formation then, featured prominently in this transnational infrastructure. Pierre Yves Saunier has dubbed this international sphere the "Urban Internationale." The participating planners devoted themselves to town and country planning. Rural historians so far have not discovered the potential of the transnational planning societies in the Urban Internationale as a source to study transnational country planning dialogue. Urban historians who have discovered these societies usually focus on urban planning models and neglect the planning of the countryside. This article uses the international congresses of the International Federation for Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP) to analyze transnational country planning dialogue in interwar Europe. This London-based association sustained one of the largest transnational platforms for transnational planning dialogue between the wars. Keywords history, humanities, comparative history, modern period, political history, politics and humanities, political science, social sciences 2 SAGE Open and country as a continuum. As such, spatial planning of the countryside was an integral part of the discourse in the Urban Internationale (Geertse, 2012). Urban historians with an interest in urban planning have long discovered the transnational planning associations in the Urban Internationale. However, rural historians with an interest in rural planning so far have largely ignored these platforms. Perhaps they have been more concerned with the modernization of agriculture than the developments in spatial planning, but especially with regard to the settlement policies that were part of ruralization and internal colonization programs across Europe between the wars, the spatial planning discourse in the Urban Internationale might provide valuable leads. For example, international planners met at London in 1935 to discuss the planning of the countryside under the auspices of the International Federation for Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP, 1935).This article uses the international congresses of the aforementioned IFHTP to analyze transnational country planning dialogue in interwar Europe.1 This London-based association sustained one of the largest transnational platforms for planning dialogue between the wars. Which planners engaged in transnational planning dialogue and what was their conception of "the rural" and country planning? How did they define the relation between town and country (planning)? This article starts with a brief history of the IFHTP in the period to provide a rough sketch of the context of the planning dialogue in this international organization. IFHTPThe recent academic interest in transnational expert networks has sparked substantial interest in the IFHTP. In the past, planning history literature used to (...

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“…See Figure 1, which illustrates that from 1980 to 2009 urban interstate lane miles increased 88 per cent while urban interstate VMT increased 195 per cent. 10 Increasing construction costs, rising costs of right-of-way in urban areas where land prices have increased rapidly, and declining fuel tax revenues (the primary source of highway funding in the interstate era) have all combined to slow highway building (Taylor 1995(Taylor , 2000Brown et al 2009). Population increases in the cores of US cities have led to a resurgence of infill development, localized increases in densities, and increasing congestion in the centrally located portions of major US urban areas.…”

Section: A Revisionist View Of the Political Economy Of Transportatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

The declining role of the automobile and the re‐emergence of place in urban transportation: The past will be prologue

Boarnet

2013

Region Sci Policy Practice

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The dominant view among transportation scholars is that transportation history flows from older to newer travel modes, with each mode being superior to and, for the most part, displacing the earlier modes. America, an early adopter of widespread automobility, was in this view a harbinger of trends that would follow elsewhere, and hence the US experience of passenger travel based almost completely on car travel was a signal of things to come. Yet this paper argues that interpreting from the US experience with the interstate highway era misses key points. The interstate system, and the planning that surrounded it, was developed during a brief period of time when transportation policy was centralized, standardized, and largely divorced from questions of local impacts and place‐based political pressures. That made the years immediately after the 1956 Interstate Highway Act unusual in the broader context of transportation planning. The US has recently witnessed a return of pre‐interstate urban transportation planning realities, and transportation in large US cities is now multi‐modal, contextualized by ties to land use and neighbourhoods, and fraught with the politics and incrementalism of the pre‐interstate era. Regional science research, grounded in the era of national highway construction, can adapt to the realities of modern urban transportation planning by focusing more on collaboration and financing in ill‐defined institutional settings, environmental externalities and non‐market impacts, and retrospective project evaluation.

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Planning for Cars in Cities: Planners, Engineers, and Freeways in the 20th Century

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

Planning for Bike Share Connectivity to Rail Transit

Planning for Bike Share Connectivity to Rail Transit

Cross-Border Country Planning Dialogue in Interwar Europe

The declining role of the automobile and the re‐emergence of place in urban transportation: The past will be prologue

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