Planning and installing photovoltaic system: a guide for installers, architects and engineers

Saha, Kakoli

doi:10.1080/00207233.2014.951543

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Cleaning with a mechanical and automatic water system is more efficient than cleaning with natural rain and air. According to a study, a robotic water spray cleans and cools the PV panel that increases the PV module efficiency by 15% 124 . In dry times, Mani et al 67 recommended cleaning the panel once a week and daily when dust collection is high.…”

Section: Operation and Maintenance Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different environmental and operational factors on the PV performance: A comprehensive review

Hasan

Yousuf

Tushar

et al. 2021

Energy Science & Engineering

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Conventional fossil fuel‐based power generation is one of the main contributors to global environmental pollutions. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as their adverse environmental impact heighten the quest for cleaner and sustainable energy resources to generate electricity. Solar energy is an unlimited and immeasurable source of renewable energy that is used for direct electricity production through the solar PV cell. However, environmental conditions as well as operation and maintenance of the solar PV cell affect the optimum output and substantially impact the energy conversion efficiency, productivity and lifetime, thus affect the economy of power generation. In this study, an investigation about recent works regarding the effect of environmental and operational factors on the performance of solar PV cell is presented. It is found that dust allocation and soiling effect are crucial, along with the humidity and temperature that largely affect the performance of PV module. Additionally, the wind itself carries a significant amount of dust and sand particles, especially in the deserted areas. Deposition of dust in humid conditions forms adhesive, sticky mud on the PV cell and worsens the situation as it reduces the power generation up to 60–70%. This study discusses advanced approaches to mitigate the effects of these factors with their relative merits and challenges. Finally, a guideline is proposed to minimize the effect of different environmental and operational factors to optimize the performance of solar PV cell.

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Section: Operation and Maintenance Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different environmental and operational factors on the PV performance: A comprehensive review

Hasan

Yousuf

Tushar

et al. 2021

Energy Science & Engineering

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“…3,8 Partial shading problem is categorized as permanent and temporary faults, 9 and this may lead to the decrement of power generation from PV by 5% to 10%. 10 Two-stage inverters are used to overcome these limitations by connecting a DC-DC boost converter in between the PV and inverter. 11,12 Series connected PV strings increase the DC side voltage, conventional two-level inverters need to operate at high frequency to reduce the filter size, and this leads to high dv/dt, power loss, and electromagnetic interference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such configuration, power‐sharing and tracking the maximum power point (MPPT) under partial shading conditions are performed by the inverter in single‐stage and are limited to low DC voltage range 3,8 . Partial shading problem is categorized as permanent and temporary faults, 9 and this may lead to the decrement of power generation from PV by 5% to 10% 10 . Two‐stage inverters are used to overcome these limitations by connecting a DC‐DC boost converter in between the PV and inverter 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power enhancement of single‐phase transformer‐less grid‐connected cascaded half‐bridge diode clamped inverter under partial shaded photovoltaic

Rao

Saini

2021

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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This study presents a power-enhanced cascaded half-bridge (HB) diode clamped transformer-less multilevel inverter for grid-connected large-scale photovoltaic (PV) system addressing the problem of unequal power in isolated diode clamped (DC)-link due to partial shading. The HB diode clamped has the feasibility of increasing double times the DC-link voltage compared with the conventional cascaded h-bridge to enhance the inverter's power rating without compromising the count and peak inverse voltage of switching devices. Under partial shading conditions, the DC-link of individual HB suffers from different voltages and leads to unbalanced capacitor voltages. The proposed control scheme stabilizes the DC-link voltage of individual HB, extracts maximum active power from PV, and injects the same into the grid. The injected grid current total harmonic distortion satisfies the IEC 61727 and IEEE 1547 standards. PV parasitic capacitance in the transformer-less gridconnected system leads to leakage current. In the present work, LC-filters are placed among the power cells to bring these currents below 30 mA as per German standards VDE V 0126-1-1. For the planned inverter, a mathematical model using the switching function theory has been derived. The inverter's performance has been tested under partial shading conditions by using the MatLab/Simulink platform and experimentally verified with the software-inthe-loop real-time digital simulator OPAL-RT 5700. List of symbols and abbreviations: C a1 = C a2 = C a3 = C a , Filter capacitor; L a1 = La2 = L a3 = L a , Filter inductor; c, Number of HB's; n, Number of voltage levels; V dc , DC-link voltage of a capacitor; I dc , DC-link current of a HB; V HBc , AC output voltage of a HB; f x , Switching function; V x , Phase voltage; l, 1 (upper capacitor), 2 (lower capacitor); R s , Series resistance in PV cell; R sh , Parallel resistance in PV cell; I p , PV cell current; V p , PV cell voltage; I 0 , Saturation current; I 0r , Reverse saturation current; I sh , Shunt resistor current; I sc , Short circuit current; I ph , Photo current; λ, Solar irradiance; q, electron charge; k, Boltzmanns constant; T, Temperature; k i , Short circuit thermal coefficient; T 0 , Reference temperature; E, Bandgap energy; a, Number of parallel PV modules; b, Number of series PV modules; P mpp , Rated peak power; V oc , Open-circuit voltage; I sc , Short circuit current; V mpp , Rated voltage; I mpp , Rated current; δ, Duty cycle; T on , On time; T t , Switching period; i a , Grid current; v a , Grid current; L a , Filter inductance; R, Filter resistance; T s , Sampling time; m c *, Modulating signal; V cm , Commom-mode voltage; V tcm , Total common mode voltage; V dm , Differential-mode voltage; i cm , Common-mode current; C PV ,

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“…Partial shading occurs mainly because of passing clouds, building shadows, dust and bird droppings, manufacturing defects, and nonuniform aging of PV modules [3]. Because of partial shading, the power generated by PV systems installed in buildings can be reduced by 5 to 10% [4], with a reduction of 3 to 6% in the case of highly rated plants [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust Strategy Based on Marine Predators Algorithm for Large Scale Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration to Mitigate the Partial Shading Effect on the Performance of PV System

et al. 2020

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Large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) plants play an essential role in providing the increasing demand for energy in recent time. Therefore, in the purpose of achieving the highest harvested power under the partial shading conditions as well as protecting the PV array from the hot-spot calamity, the PV reconfiguration strategy is established as an efficient procedure. This is performed by redistribution of PV modules according to their levels of shading. Motivated by this, the authors in this article have introduced a novel population-based algorithm that is known as marine predators algorithm (MPA) to restructure the PV array dynamically. Moreover, a novel objective function is introduced to enhance the algorithm performance rather than utilizing the regular weighted objective function in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms based on the novel objective function is evaluated using several metrics such as fill factor, mismatch losses, percentage of power loss, and percentage of power enhancement. Besides, the obtained results are compared with a regular total-cross-tied (TCT) connection, manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO), harris hawk optimizer (HHO) and particle swarm optimizer (PSO) based reconfiguration techniques. Furthermore, to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed methods, large scale PV arrays of 16 × 16 and 25 × 25 are considered and evaluated. The results reveal that MPA enhanced the PV array power by percentage of 28.6 %, 2.7 % and 5.7 % in cases of 9 × 9, 16 × 16 and 25 × 25 PV arrays, respectively. The comprehensive comparisons endorse that MPA shows a successful shade dispersion; hence the number of multiple peaks in the PV characteristics has reduced, and high values of power have been harvested with least mean execution time in comparison with PSO, HHO and MRFO. Moreover, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test has been accomplished to confirm the reliability and applicability of the proposed approach for the PV large scale arrays as well.

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Planning and installing photovoltaic system: a guide for installers, architects and engineers

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of different environmental and operational factors on the PV performance: A comprehensive review

Effects of different environmental and operational factors on the PV performance: A comprehensive review

Power enhancement of single‐phase transformer‐less grid‐connected cascaded half‐bridge diode clamped inverter under partial shaded photovoltaic

A Robust Strategy Based on Marine Predators Algorithm for Large Scale Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration to Mitigate the Partial Shading Effect on the Performance of PV System

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