Planar structured perovskite solar cells by hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition with optimized perovskite film thickness

Abstract

The thickness of perovskite absorber layer is a critical parameter to determine a planar structured perovskite solar cell's performance. By modifying the spin coating speed and PbI 2 /N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution concentration, the thickness of perovskite absorber layer was optimized to obtain high-performance solar cells. Using a PbI 2 /DMF solution of 1.3 mol/L, maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE ) of a perovskite solar cell is 15.5% with a perovskite film of 413 nm at 5000 rpm, and PCE of 14.3% was also obtained for a solar cell with a perovskite film of 182 nm thick. It is derived that higher concentration of PbI 2 /DMF will result in better perovskite solar cells. Additionally, these perovskite solar cells are highly uniform. In 14 sets of solar cells, standard deviations of 11 sets of solar cells were less than 0.50% and the smallest standard deviation was 0.25%, which demonstrates the reliability and effectiveness of hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) method.

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

“…[183] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Ag 0.12 12.3% [184] CVD 3 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Ag 0.12 13.76% [185] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /mp-TiO 2 /MAPI/ Spiro/Ag 1 13.8% [153] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Au 0.24 13.99% * [186] 8.4 6.22% CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Ag 0.12 13.3%* [179] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /mp-TiO 2 /MAPI/ Spiro/Au 0.11 17.8%* [187] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Au 0.09 15.6%* [182] 15. 14.6%* [189] 0.1 16.6%* CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Au 0.09 15.5% [188] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/SWCNT/ Spiro/Au 0.25 7.9% [190] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /MAPI/Spiro/Au 0.09 15.5% [188] CVD 2 FTO/c-TiO 2 /CsFAPbIBr/Spiro/ Ag 0.09 18.2% [191] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. All others are a maximum measurement.…”

“…Wei et al [188] found that the best devices required a final MAPI thickness of roughly 300 nm to achieve g = 15.5% for small device areas. Wei et al [188] found that the best devices required a final MAPI thickness of roughly 300 nm to achieve g = 15.5% for small device areas.…”

“…Since most of the chemical vapor deposition results for perovskites represent two-step processes, the thickness of the PbI 2 base layer plays an important role for the MAI diffusion and crystal growth conversion and therefore the final thickness of the resulting perovskite layer. Wei et al [188] found that the best devices required a final MAPI thickness of roughly 300 nm to achieve g = 15.5% for small device areas. Jiang et al [189] demonstrated large, 12 cm 2 area films of CsFAPbI 3 , produced with a technique that combined the tube furnace conversion to FAPI by the typical pre-coated PbI 2 and subsequent FAI vapor conversion with an additional cation exchange in cesium acetate solution.…”

Metal halide perovskite solar cells by modified chemical vapor deposition

“…16,17,43 The layer thickness of the perovskite is determined by the complete reaction of the inorganic layer, due to a diffusion barrier. 8,34,66 Recently RbI, SrI 2 , and KI have been added into the PbI 2 inorganic layer to tune the composition of the resulting lm. 36,44,65 On the other hand, a gradient composition can be formed by deposition of the CsBr/PbBr 2 inorganic layer with the FAI organic vapor (Fig.…”

“…16,17,43 The layer thickness of the perovskite is determined by the complete reaction of the inorganic layer, due to a diffusion barrier. 8,34,66…”