Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003

Bertherat, Eric; Bekhoucha, S.N.; Chougrani, Saada; Razik, F.; Duchemin, Jean‐Bernard; Houti, Leïla; Deharib, Larbi; Fayolle, Corinne; Makrerougrass, Banaouda; Dali-Yahia, Radia; Bellal, Ramdan; Belhabri, L.; Chaieb, Amina; Tikhomirov, E; Carniel, Élisabeth

doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284

Cited by 72 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Des cas ont été rapportés en 1997 en Jordanie, plus de 80 ans après les derniers cas recensés dans ce pays. Plus récemment, en 2003, la peste est revenue dans la région d'Oran en Algérie [5] alors qu'aucun cas n'avait été signalé dans ce pays depuis la célèbre Peste d'Albert Camus [6].…”

Section: Situation Actuelleunclassified

Faut-il encore craindre la peste aujourd’hui ?

Guinet

Carniel

2008

Med Sci (Paris)

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Qu'est-ce que la peste ?La peste est une infection bactérienne aiguë causée par le bacille Yersinia pestis. Il s'agit avant tout d'une zoonose, touchant principalement des rongeurs, sauvages ou péridomestiques (rats). La maladie est transmise de rongeur à rongeur par piqûre d'une puce vectrice (Figure 1). L'infection humaine ne représente qu'un épiphénomène de ces enzooties. Lorsqu'un être humain est piqué par une puce de rongeur infecté, il développe un syndrome infectieux sévère accompagné d'une adénopathie volumineuse et exquisément douloureuse dans le territoire de drainage du point de piqûre de la puce. Cette adénopathie est appelée bubon. Une peste bubonique non traitée est fatale, généralement en moins d'une semaine, dans 40 % à 70 % des cas. Une complication possible de la peste bubonique est le développement d'une pneumopathie pesteuse, ou peste pulmonaire. Cette maladie d'évolution foudroyante (moins de 3 jours), constamment mortelle en absence d'un traitement précoce, est directement contagieuse d'homme à homme par le biais des gouttelettes respiratoires émises lors de la toux (Figure 1).

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Section: Situation Actuelleunclassified

Faut-il encore craindre la peste aujourd’hui ?

Guinet

Carniel

2008

Med Sci (Paris)

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“…27 Another outbreak of pneumonic plague occurred in Qinghai Province of China (north of Tibet) in 2009 affecting 12 persons, of whom three died. 5 The index case was a herdsman exposed to a sick 6 At a different rural focus in Algeria in 2008, four nomads acquired plague, resulting in one death from pneumonia. 7 The disease re-emerged also in Libya in 2009, affecting five persons with one fatality, after an absence of reported cases for 25 years.…”

Section: Reported Occurrence Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this review is to examine the importance of plague during the first decade of this century with an emphasis on novel events and progress of clinical knowledge (Table 1). [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Relevant literature was obtained by searching Pubmed for papers covering the years 2000-2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plague Gives Surprises in the First Decade of the 21st Century in the United States and Worldwide

Butler¹

2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

111

105

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Abstract. Plague is an ancient disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and transmitted by rodent flea bites that continues to surprise us with first-ever events. This review documents plague in human cases in the 1st decade of the 21st century and updates our knowledge of clinical manifestations, transmission during outbreaks, diagnostic testing, antimicrobial treatment, and vaccine development. In the United States, 57 persons were reported to have the disease, of which seven died. Worldwide, 21,725 persons were affected with 1,612 deaths, for a case-fatality rate of 7.4%. The Congo reported more cases than any other country, including two large outbreaks of pneumonic plague, surpassing Madagascar, which had the most cases in the previous decade. Two United States scientists suffered fatal accidental exposures: a wildlife biologist, who carried out an autopsy on a mountain lion in Arizona in 2007, and a geneticist with subclinical hemochromatosis in Chicago, who was handling an avirulent strain of Y. pestis in 2009. Antimicrobial drugs given early after the onset of symptoms prevented many deaths; those recommended for treatment and prophylaxis included gentamicin, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones, although fluoroquinolones have not been adequately tested in humans. Fleas that do not have their guts blocked by clotted blood meals were shown to be better transmitters of plague than blocked fleas. Under development for protection against bioterrorist use, a subunit vaccine containing F1 and V antigens of Y. pestis was administered to human volunteers eliciting antibodies without any serious side effects. These events, although showing progress, suggest that plague will persist in rodent reservoirs mostly in African countries burdened by poverty and civil unrest, causing death when patients fail to receive prompt antimicrobial treatment.

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“…Human plague is infamous for its ability to re-emerge after long periods of (seeming) absence [18,19], and the Pre-Balkhash dataset suggests that the same phenomenon happens in wildlife, although in this case at a smaller temporal scale. The mechanism(s) for re-emergence of plague is unknown, although many hypotheses exist [20], including survival of bacteria in the soil [21] or fleas [22], phases with less virulent bacteria in the hosts [22,23] and long-distance transportation by birds or carnivores from areas with ongoing epizootics [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence, spread, persistence and fade-out of sylvatic plague in Kazakhstan

et al. 2011

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Predicting the dynamics of zoonoses in wildlife is important not only for prevention of transmission to humans, but also for improving the general understanding of epidemiological processes. A large dataset on sylvatic plague in the Pre-Balkhash area of Kazakhstan (collected for surveillance purposes) provides a rare opportunity for detailed statistical modelling of an infectious disease. Previous work using these data has revealed a host abundance threshold for epizootics, and climatic influences on plague prevalence. Here, we present a model describing the local space-time dynamics of the disease at a spatial scale of 20 Â 20 km 2 and a biannual temporal scale, distinguishing between invasion and persistence events. We used a Bayesian imputation method to account for uncertainties resulting from poor data in explanatory variables and response variables. Spatial autocorrelation in the data was accounted for in imputations and analyses through random effects. The results show (i) a clear effect of spatial transmission, (ii) a high probability of persistence compared with invasion, and (iii) a stronger influence of rodent abundance on invasion than on persistence. In particular, there was a substantial probability of persistence also at low host abundance.

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Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003

Abstract: Plague is not limited to the currently indexed natural foci in Algeria.

Cited by 72 publications

References 4 publications

Faut-il encore craindre la peste aujourd’hui ?

Faut-il encore craindre la peste aujourd’hui ?

Plague Gives Surprises in the First Decade of the 21st Century in the United States and Worldwide

Emergence, spread, persistence and fade-out of sylvatic plague in Kazakhstan

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