“…In the case of large wild mammals, some studies have demonstrated relationships between oxidative stress markers and living environments both for individual populations and for the interspecific territory sharing [6,7]. Great interest nowadays is given to soil born-diseases [8,9], and, in wildlife, studies are mainly focused on soil pathogens which are of public health interest such as Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Coxiella burnetii, Avian influenza virus H5N1 [10], Swine flu H1N1 [11], Coronavirus [12], and different helminths [13] as they can negatively affect humans, livestock and domestic animals [14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, more and more studies have underlined the importance of pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms and macrorganisms, such as earthworms, as a valuable tool for a variety of ecology-based applications, such as environmental bioindicators [20][21][22].…”