Plagio- und Diageotropismus der Sprosse und Blätter, einschließlich Epinastie, Hyponastie, Entfaltungsbewegungen

Kaldewey, Harald

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-94852-7_7

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 223 publications

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“…This direction is based on the position of the flower in the ramification system and thus on flower initiation and early development, and, even more, in final adjustments of the position before and during anthesis. Mechanisms for such late adjustment are bending or torsion of pedicels and peduncles, as shown for Aconitum, Antirrhinum, Scrophularia and Viola by Noll (1888) and later also for many other plants (Cornehls, 1927;Zimmermann, 1933;Kaldewey, 1962;Huang et al, 2002). In this way monosymmetric flowers can be adjusted to a horizontal position with the symmetry plane perpendicular to the ground.…”

Section: Diverse Manifestations Of Monosymmetry In Flowersmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

Endress

2012

Bot. Rev.

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Floral monosymmetry and asymmetry are traced through the angiosperm orders and families. Both are diverse and widespread in angiosperms. The systematic distribution of the different forms of monosymmetry and asymmetry indicates that both evolved numerous times. Elaborate forms occur in highly synorganized flowers. Less elaborate forms occur by curvature of organs and by simplicity with minimal organ numbers. Elaborate forms of asymmetry evolved from elaborate monosymmetry. Less elaborate form come about by curvature or torsion of organs, by imbricate aestivation of perianth organs, or also by simplicity. Floral monosymmetry appears to be a key innovation in some groups (e.g., Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiales), but not in others. Floral asymmetry appears as a key innovation in Phaseoleae (Fabaceae). Simple patterns of monosymmetry appear easily "reverted" to polysymmetry, whereas elaborate monosymmetry is difficult to lose without disruption of floral function (e.g., Orchidaceae). Monosymmetry and asymmetry can be expressed at different stages of floral (and fruit) development and may be transient in some taxa. The two symmetries are most common in bee-pollinated flowers, and appear to be especially prone to develop in some specialized biological situations: monosymmetry, e.g., with buzz-pollinated flowers or with oil flowers, and asymmetry also with buzz-pollinated flowers, both based on the particular collection mechanisms by the pollinating bees. Floral monosymmetry has developed into a model trait in evo-devo studies, whereas floral asymmetry to date has not been tackled in molecular genetic studies.

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Section: Diverse Manifestations Of Monosymmetry In Flowersmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

Endress

2012

Bot. Rev.

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“…For example, it has been proposed (Lundegardh 1917;Rufelt 1962) that diagravitropism and plagiogravitropism might be the result of the balance between the forces of negative and positive gravitropism, which implies that negative and positive orthogravitropism are themselves distinct processes. It has also been proposed that diagravitropism and plagiogravitropism might be due to a balance between negative gravitropism and epinasty (Kaldewey 1962;Palmer 1985). In other words, the fact that different categories have been proposed, into which various types of gravitropic responses can be grouped (positive ortho-, negative ortho-, plagio-and diagravitropism), seems to have encouraged the view that the different classes of gravitropism might have different underlying control mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gravitropic set‐point angle (GSA): the identification of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant architecture^*

Digby

Firn

1995

Plant Cell & Environment

165

112

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The angle at which an organ is maintained by gravitropism is characteristic of the organ, its developmental state and the prevailing environmental conditions. We propose that this angle be called the gravitropic set-point angle (GSA), defined as the angle with respect to the gravity vector (with a vertically downward orientation being 0 degrees) at which an organ is maintained as a consequence of gravitropism. Studies or the gravitropic behaviour of organs from trailing plants show that the GSA is subject to developmental regulation. Depending on the developmental age and prevailing environmental conditions, the GSA of an organ can be set at any value between 0 degrees and 180 degrees. The previously reported reversal of the sign of the gravitropic response in such organs, whether this is brought about developmentally or induced by light, represents the change from one common extreme (GSA = 180 degrees, conventionally referred to as negative orthogravitropism) to another (GSA = 0 degrees, or positive orthogravitropism). The concept of a variable gravitropic set-point offers a more unified view of all forms of gravitropic behaviour than has been advanced previously, and places a new constraint on models of gravitropism. Current models of gravitropism appear to be unable to explain either the ability of organs to change their orientation with respect to gravity as they develop, or the re-orientation that can be observed when some organs are exposed to new environmental conditions.

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“…Although in the original definition of epinasty (de Vries, 1872), epinastic movement was suggested to be autonomous, the influence of external factors has never been challenged (see, e.g. the textbook by Rawitscher, 1932 or the review of Kaldewey, 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravity can induce epinastic bending of isolated leaves

Hensel

Kruft

1986

Plant Cell & Environment

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Isolated leaves of Plectranthus fruticosus were grown in cubic plastic cuvettes, and were supplied via their cut petioles with nutrient solution and indole‐3‐acetic acid (10−6m). Holes bored in the cuvette walls allowed the petioles to be oriented at approximately 60°, 90° or 120° to the vertical. Growth of the leaves initially oriented at angles of 60° and 90°, which simulated the situation in the intact plant, did not result in epinastic bending of the petiole. Inversion of the leaves (adaxial surface of the petiole downwards) and orientation of the adaxial/abaxial surfaces of the horizontal petiole parallel to the gravity vector, however, yielded strong epinastic bending of the petioles. In the latter case, this bending was not in the direction of the gravity vector (evidence for point (iii), below). Furthermore, epinastic bending occurred, when the isolated leaves were rotated on a clinostat (petioles parallel to the rotation axis or inclined to the rotation axis at an angle of 30°; 3 r.p.m.). Since a possible influence of the shoot was excluded, it is concluded that (i) perception and response are restricted to the leaf, (ii) gravity alone is sufficient to induce epinasty, (iii) a gravitropic component of the response can probably be excluded. The clinostat induced epinasty may not have been caused by nullifying the effect of gravity but due to continuous gravistimulation of the leaf.

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Plagio- und Diageotropismus der Sprosse und Blätter, einschließlich Epinastie, Hyponastie, Entfaltungsbewegungen

Cited by 9 publications

References 223 publications

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

The gravitropic set‐point angle (GSA): the identification of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant architecture^*

Gravity can induce epinastic bending of isolated leaves

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Plagio- und Diageotropismus der Sprosse und Blätter, einschließlich Epinastie, Hyponastie, Entfaltungsbewegungen

Cited by 9 publications

References 223 publications

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

The gravitropic set‐point angle (GSA): the identification of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant architecture*

Gravity can induce epinastic bending of isolated leaves

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The gravitropic set‐point angle (GSA): the identification of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant architecture^*