Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates

Burton, Graham J.; Jauniaux, Eric

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_11

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Humans and mice share the discoid choriovillous shape of the placenta and the hemochorial composition of the maternal-fetal structure 34 . In humans, the placenta is characterized by a hemomonochorial structure (i.e., a single layer of syncytiotrophoblast), while in mice, it is hemotrichorial (i.e., one layer of cytotrophoblasts with two layers of syncytiotrophoblasts) 35 . However, in both cases, the hemochorial placenta enables direct contact between fetal trophoblast cells and maternal blood 34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subunit nanovaccine elicited T cell functional activation controls Trypanosoma cruzi mediated maternal and placental tissue damage and improves pregnancy outcomes in mice

Rios,

Lokugamage,

Choudhuri

et al. 2023

npj Vaccines

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This study investigated a candidate vaccine effect against maternal Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection and improved pregnancy outcomes. For this, TcG2 and TcG4 were cloned in a nanoplasmid optimized for delivery, antigen expression, and regulatory compliance (nano2/4 vaccine). Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with nano2/4, infected (Tc SylvioX10), and mated 7-days post-infection to enable fetal development during the maternal acute parasitemia phase. Females were euthanized at E12–E17 (gestation) days. Splenic and placental T-cell responses were monitored by flow cytometry. Maternal and placental/fetal tissues were examined for parasites by qPCR and inflammatory infiltrate by histology. Controls included age/immunization-matched non-pregnant females. Nano2/4 exhibited no toxicity and elicited protective IgG2a/IgG1 response in mice. Nano2/4 signaled a splenic expansion of functionally active CD4+ effector/effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) cells in pregnant mice. Upon challenge infection, nano2/4 increased the splenic CD4+ and CD8+T cells in all mice and increased the proliferation of CD4+Tem, CD4+Tcm, and CD8+Tcm subsets producing IFNγ and cytolytic molecules (PRF1, GZB) in pregnant mice. A balanced serum cytokines/chemokines response and placental immune characteristics indicated that pregnancy prevented the overwhelming damaging immune response in mice. Importantly, pregnancy itself resulted in a significant reduction of parasites in maternal and fetal tissues. Nano2/4 was effective in arresting the Tc-induced tissue inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis, and fibrosis in maternal and placental tissues and improving maternal fertility, placental efficiency, and fetal survival. In conclusion, we show that maternal nano2/4 vaccination is beneficial in controlling the adverse effects of Tc infection on maternal health, fetal survival, and pregnancy outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subunit nanovaccine elicited T cell functional activation controls Trypanosoma cruzi mediated maternal and placental tissue damage and improves pregnancy outcomes in mice

Rios,

Lokugamage,

Choudhuri

et al. 2023

npj Vaccines

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“…Human placentation is characterised by the migration of placental trophoblastic cells into the uterine wall, transforming the maternal arteries into low-velocity, high-conductance vessels and controlling the entry of oxygenated maternal blood to the placenta. 44,45 Disruption of this process is associated with hyperoxia or fluctuating levels of oxygen inside the placenta -disturbances found in common pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and FGR. 46,47 Oxygen free radicals are an inevitable by-product of aerobic metabolism and some degree of placental oxidative stress likely occurs at the end of the first trimester, 48 regulating formation of the placental membranes.…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human placentation is characterised by the migration of placental trophoblastic cells into the uterine wall, transforming the maternal arteries into low-velocity, high-conductance vessels and controlling the entry of oxygenated maternal blood to the placenta 44 , 45 . Disruption of this process is associated with hyperoxia or fluctuating levels of oxygen inside the placenta – disturbances found in common pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and FGR 46 , 47 .…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Adverse Birth Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: A review of underlying mechanisms

Fussell,

Jauniaux,

Smith

et al. 2023

BJOG

Self Cite

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Epidemiological data provide varying degrees of evidence for associations between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and adverse birth outcomes (suboptimal measures of fetal growth, preterm birth and stillbirth). To assess further certainty of effects, this review examines the experimental literature base to identify mechanisms by which air pollution (particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) could cause adverse effects on the developing fetus. It likely that this environmental insult impacts multiple biological pathways important for sustaining a healthy pregnancy, depending upon the composition of the pollutant mixture and the exposure window owing to changes in physiologic maturity of the placenta, its circulations and the fetus as pregnancy ensues. The current body of evidence indicates that the placenta is a target tissue, impacted by a variety of critical processes including nitrosative/oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, epigenetic changes, as well as vascular dysregulation of the maternal‐fetal unit. All of the above can disturb placental function and, as a consequence, could contribute to compromised fetal growth as well increasing the risk of stillbirth. Furthermore, given that there is often an increased inflammatory response associated with preterm labour, inflammation is a plausible mechanism mediating the effects of air pollution on premature delivery. In the light of increased urbanisation and an ever‐changing climate, both of which increase ambient air pollution and negatively affect vulnerable populations such as pregnant individuals, it is hoped that the collective evidence may contribute to decisions taken to strengthen air quality policies, reductions in exposure to air pollution and subsequent improvements in the health of those not yet born.

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“…Mammals then adapted these four fetal membranes to support their in utero development (Mossman 1937;Ross and Boroviak 2020). Mammalian pregnancy depends on the yolk sac as the early site of maternal-fetal exchange, hematopoeiesis, and biosynthesis (Gulbis et al 1998;Burton and Jauniaux 2021). In most marsupials it is the yolk sac that forms the definitive choriovitelline placenta and consists of an avascular bilaminar region ("BOM": bilaminar omphalopleure) and a vascular trilaminar region ("TOM": trilaminar omphalopleure), that in most species are closely apposed to the maternal uterine epithelium until birth (Renfree 1973(Renfree , 2010Freyer et al 2003;Guernsey et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structure of the TH/INS locus and the parental allele expressed are not conserved between mammals

Newman,

Ishihara,

Shaw

et al. 2024

Heredity

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Parent-of-origin-specific expression of imprinted genes is critical for successful mammalian growth and development. Insulin, coded by the INS gene, is an important growth factor expressed from the paternal allele in the yolk sac placenta of therian mammals. The tyrosine hydroxylase gene TH encodes an enzyme involved in dopamine synthesis. TH and INS are closely associated in most vertebrates, but the mouse orthologues, Th and Ins2, are separated by repeated DNA. In mice, Th is expressed from the maternal allele, but the parental origin of expression is not known for any other mammal so it is unclear whether the maternal expression observed in the mouse represents an evolutionary divergence or an ancestral condition. We compared the length of the DNA segment between TH and INS across species and show that separation of these genes occurred in the rodent lineage with an accumulation of repeated DNA. We found that the region containing TH and INS in the tammar wallaby produces at least five distinct RNA transcripts: TH, TH-INS1, TH-INS2, lncINS and INS. Using allele-specific expression analysis, we show that the TH/INS locus is expressed from the paternal allele in pre- and postnatal tammar wallaby tissues. Determining the imprinting pattern of TH/INS in other mammals might clarify if paternal expression is the ancestral condition which has been flipped to maternal expression in rodents by the accumulation of repeat sequences.

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Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates

Cited by 11 publications

References 157 publications

Subunit nanovaccine elicited T cell functional activation controls Trypanosoma cruzi mediated maternal and placental tissue damage and improves pregnancy outcomes in mice

Subunit nanovaccine elicited T cell functional activation controls Trypanosoma cruzi mediated maternal and placental tissue damage and improves pregnancy outcomes in mice

Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: A review of underlying mechanisms

The structure of the TH/INS locus and the parental allele expressed are not conserved between mammals

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