“…Functional TLR studies related to first trimester have largely been conducted on trophoblast cell lines (Abrahams et al, 2004, Klaffenbach et al, 2005, Mulla et al, 2013, Komine-Aizawa et al, 2008, Nakada et al, 2009, Chatterjee et al, 2012, and in primary first trimester trophoblasts, TLR3 and TLR4 activated release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-β has been reported (Abrahams et al, 2005, Anton et al, 2012, Wang et al, 2011. Collectively, these findings indicate that TLR-mediated trophoblast activation is of importance in pregnancy, but the knowledge is limited and the functional role of TLRs in early gestational trophoblasts has yet to be established.…”