Placental Malaria Increases Malaria Risk in the First 30 Months of Life

Schwarz, Norbert; Adegnika, Ayôla Akim; Breitling, Lutz P.; Gabor, Julian; Agnandji, Selidji Todagbé; Newman, Robert D.; Lell, Bertrand; Issifou, Saadou; Yazdanbakhsh, Maria; Luty, Adrian J. F.; Kremsner, Peter G.; Grobusch, Martin P.

doi:10.1086/591968

Cited by 120 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The fact that no immunological effects were observed in acute PM suggests that a certain amount of PM exposure time is required for the immunological effects to occur, and demonstrates the value of analyzing by histological group. FOXP3 1 regulatory T-cell induction could explain why PM infected children are more susceptible to malaria infections in early life [4,5], since we have shown that those with higher ex vivo Treg levels are more susceptible to subsequent infections [42]. Indeed, a recent study shows that malaria exposure in utero can lead to immune tolerance induction in some newborns characterized by a decrease in the number of individuals mounting a pro-inflammatory response and increased numbers with malaria Ag driven IL-10 production [43].…”

Section: Cd25mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of placental malaria infection on cord blood and maternal immunoregulatory responses at birth

et al. 2010

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Placental malaria (PM), a frequent infection of pregnancy, provides an ideal opportunity to investigate the impact on immune development of exposure of the foetal immune system to foreign Ag. We investigated the effect of PM on the regulatory phenotype and function of cord blood cells from healthy Gambian newborns and peripheral blood cells from their mothers, and analyzed for effects on the balance between regulatory and effector responses. Using the gold standard for classifying PM we further distinguished between resolved infection and acute or chronic PM active at the time of delivery. We show that exposure to malarial Ag in utero results in the expansion of malaria-specific FOXP31 Treg and more generalized FOXP3 1 CD4 1 Treg in chronic and resolved PM, alongside increased Th1 pro-inflammatory responses (IFN-c, TNF-a, IFN-c:IL-10) in resolved PM infection only. These observations demonstrate a clear effect of exposure to malarial Ag in foetal life on the immune environment at birth, with a regulatory response dominating in the newborns with ongoing chronic PM, while those with resolved infection produce both regulatory and inflammatory responses. The findings might explain some of the adverse effects on the health of babies born to women with PM.

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Section: Cd25mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PM leads to poor fetal outcomes, including premature delivery and low birth weight. Furthermore, infants born of malaria infected mothers/ placentas are more susceptible to malaria in the first few years of life than those whose mothers were not infected, through unknown mechanisms [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of placental malaria infection on cord blood and maternal immunoregulatory responses at birth

et al. 2010

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“…3,7 Plasmodium is another protozoan that causes intrauterine growth retardation 28 ; however, in our murine model, we observed that the average body weight per progeny was lower, and higher body weight variability was exhibited in the infected group compared with the healthy group. This result suggests that not all offspring become infected.…”

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confidence: 54%

“…It has been shown that other protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium malariae, 28 Toxoplasma gondii, [29][30][31] and Trypanosoma cruzi, 32 can cross the placental wall and affect both the mother and the neonate. The consequences of such infections by vertical transmission include abortion, perinatal death, maternal and fetal death, pre-term delivery, and intrauterine growth retardation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Transplacental Transmission of Cutaneous Leishmania mexicana Strain in BALB/c Mice

Avila-García

Mancilla-Ramı́rez

Segura-Cervantes

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The vertical transmission of leishmaniasis has been reported in species that cause visceral leishmaniasis. However, this condition has scarcely been documented in species that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to determine experimentally whether L. mexicana is transmitted vertically. A control group of BALB/c mice and a group infected with L. mexicana were mated, the gestation was monitored, and females were killed before delivery. Four resorptions (P = 0.023) and eight fetal deaths (P = 0.010) were observed in the infected female group; furthermore, the offspring body weight of the infected group was lower than the body weight of the healthy group (P = 0.009). DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that all placentas and maternal spleens as well as 39 of 110 fetal spleens obtained from the offspring of infected mothers tested positive for Leishmania. In conclusion, L. mexicana is transmitted transplacentally and causes fetal death, resorption, and reduction in offspring body weight.

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“…Hb F levels decline after a peak level at 6 weeks of age [17], and as both IgG and HbF disappear from circulation, making infants more susceptible to malaria infection [22]. In countries with high malarial burden, the presentation of congenital malaria is relatively early (Mozambique and Benin from South Africa) [23,24]. The reasons are unclear however it can be related to prenatal fetal priming [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Presentation and Management of Neonatal Malaria: A Review

D¹

2014

Malaria Contr Elimination

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The burden of neonatal malaria was thought rare in the past because of presence of protective factors such as maternal antimalarial antibodies, lactoferrin, secretary IgA in human milk and HbF. In endemic areas for malaria, this group (neonates) needs to be more focused for such infection, as due to difficulty in diagnosis it may be representing only the tip of iceberg. In addition there is little information on the use of artimisinin-based combination therapy in neonates. This review aims to discuss all these aspects, focusing mainly on diagnosis and management of neonatal malaria. The final objective is to emphasize the need to establish management guideline of malaria in this neglected age group.

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Placental Malaria Increases Malaria Risk in the First 30 Months of Life

Cited by 120 publications

References 35 publications

The effect of placental malaria infection on cord blood and maternal immunoregulatory responses at birth

The effect of placental malaria infection on cord blood and maternal immunoregulatory responses at birth

Transplacental Transmission of Cutaneous Leishmania mexicana Strain in BALB/c Mice

Clinical Presentation and Management of Neonatal Malaria: A Review

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