Placental blood flow in rats fed alcohol before and during gestation

Jones, Peter J H; Leichter, Joseph; Lee, Melvin

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(81)90204-6

Cited by 85 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Several mechanisms might be implicated and include direct toxicity of ethanol or its metabolites (4, 1 1, 16,28), impaired placental transport of nutrients (10,27) or oxygen (20,25,27), hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction potentiated by ethanol (9,12,17), alterations in activities of pulmonary chemical mediators (6, 18,2 1,29), and diminished surfactant synthesis (3 1). Regardless of the mechanism of action, the reduction in lung size relative to body weight indicates that the lung is particularly susceptible to intrauterine ethanol exposure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intrauterine Ethanol Exposure on Fetal Lung Growth

et al. 1985

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ABSTRAm. Lung weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and total body weight were analyzed in fetuses from 14 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing v/v 6% ethanol (ethanol group). Each ethanol rat was matched with an isocalorically pair-fed animal (control group) who received the same liquid diet with carbohydrate substituted for ethanol. The rats were killed on day 20 of gestation. The mean maternal blood ethanol concentration at 0700 h on day 20 was 170 2 22 (SE) mg/dl. Compared to controls, ethanol fetuses had reduced body weight (21%), lung dry weight (39%), lung wet weightlbody weight ratio (lo%), DNA (21%), RNA (25%), protein (28%), and protein/DNA ratio (8%) ( p < Prenatal ethanol exposure results in a spectrum of growth disturbances known as the FAS and includes intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphogenesis, and CNS dysfunction (30). Hypoplasia and malformations of different organs are described both clinically and experimentally in the FAS (8,15,23,30).Children with the FAS have an increased frequency and severity of lower respiratory tract infections, which have been previously attributed to immunologic deficiencies induced prenatally by ethanol (19). In addition, decreased production of lung surfactant, decreased activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages and cilia, and impaired migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the lung occur with ethanol exposure in the adult (2, 13, 14, 31). Received February 10, 1984: accepted July 11, 1984. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Laura S. Inselman, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030.Supported in part by a grant ROI-HD 17375 from the NICHD. S.E.F. is the recipient of a Research Scientist Development Award KO2 AA00074 from the NIAAA. Vol. 19, No. 1, 1985 Printed in U.S.A.Ethanol may also affect the growth and development of the lung. Since lung growth is characterized by the formation of all pulmonary airways and air spaces during gestation (18,22), intrauterine ethanol exposure may alter prenatal lung growth and predispose the lung to the future development of disease. Therefore, the effect of chronic prenatal ethanol ingestion on fetal lung growth was studied in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODSEight mature female Sprague-Dawley rats (ethanol group) were acclimated over 10 days to a nutritionally complete liquid diet, modified for pregnancy with additional vitamins and minerals (Lieber-DeCarli; BioServ Inc, Frenchtown, NJ). The ethanol diet contained v/v 2% ethanol for 3 days, 4% for 3 additional days, and 6% thereafter. Each ethanol rat was matched with an isocalorically pair-fed animal (control group) who received the same liquid diet with carbohydrate substituted for ethanol. Both liquid diets have a caloric density of 1 cal/ml with 18 and 35% of the calories provided by protein and fat, respectively. Ethanol provides approximately 35% of the calories in the 6% ethanol diet.During the mating period the liquid diets were disco...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intrauterine Ethanol Exposure on Fetal Lung Growth

et al. 1985

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“…The exact nature of the increased weight of the MD placentae is at present obscure , but it has been shown that the DNA content of the placenta is increased in severe diabetes in humans and rats (6,33), concomitant with increased levels of glycogen (12,13) and triglycerides (6). Interestingly, in other experimental studies, the combination of decreased fetal and increased placental weights is also encountered in the offspring of alcohol-treated rats (15), whereas uterine artery ligation or caloric deprivation decreases placental and fetal weights (21,29).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a number of estimations of placental blood flow in rodents have been reported (I , 2,5,7,15,16,27,29,34), no studies of placental blood flow in diabetic rat pregnancy seem to have been published. There are, however, reports of altered placental morphology (26) and indirect evidences of changed vascular function in diabetic rat placenta (4) as well as decreased transfer of aminoisobutyric acid to fetuses ofdiabetic guinea pigs (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes in Pregnancy: Decreased Placental Blood Flow and Disturbed Fetal Development in the Rat

Eriksson

Jansson

1984

Pediatr Res

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November 29, 1983. Vol. 18, No.8, 1984 Printed in U.S.A. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Decreased Placental Blood Flow and Disturbed Fetal Development in the Rat ULF J. ERIKSSON(3' ) AND LEIF JANSSON Department ofMedical Cell Biology, University ofUppsala, Uppsala, S weden SummaryPlacental blood flow was measured with the aid of radioactive microspheres, in normal (N) and manifest diabetic (MD) rats, and related to fetal body growth and incidence of congenital malformations. The total blood flow in the placentae of the MD rats was decreased to about one-half of the normal flow on gestational days 20 and 22..The placentae of the MD offspring were enlarged, whereas the fetuses in this group were smaller than normal. Thus , the placental blood flow per placental weight was drastically decreased in the MD fetuses on both days 20 and 22. In contrast, the placental blood flow per fetal weight was not different in the N and MD groups on gestational day 20 whereas it was decreased in the MD offspring on gestational day 22. Placental blood flow in the malformed fetuses. of the MD group . did not differ significantly from that in the nonmalformed MD fetuses.Abbreviations N, normal control rat (nondiabetic) N20 or N22, normal pregnant rat on gestational day 20 or 22 MD, manifest diabetic rat (serum glucose level exceeding 20 mmol/liter) MD20 or MD22, pregnant manifest diabetic rat on gestational day 20 or 22

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“…Reduced transport of nutrients across the placenta has been demonstrated by other authors in the rat model of fetal alcohol syndrome. These nutrients include valine [5], alpha-aminoisobutyric acid [6], and zinc [4], Significantly, a previous study from this laboratory [7] re vealed reduced flow of blood from the mater nal circulation through the placenta in alco hol-treated rats, implying interference with the nutrition of the fetuses. In contrast, in another study [10], there was no change in the fetal uptake of radioactive zinc or nonmetabolizable glucose or amino acid analogs when these compounds were injected into the circulation of alcohol-treated dams on day 21 of gestation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accord ing to Lin [6] plasma histidine levels were significantly reduced in fetal rats but not in their alcohol-consuming dams. It is possible that reduced flow of blood from the maternal circulation through the placenta in alcohol consuming rats, observed by Jones et al [7], may cause the level of nutrients in the fetal circulation to fall severely and thus be re sponsible for the retarded intrauterine growth. On the other hand, normal levels of folate, zinc, and magnesium have been shown in alcohol-exposed dams and their offspring, despite impaired fetal growth [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Amino Acids and Glucose Levels in the Rat Fetus and Dam after Chronic Maternal Alcohol Consumption

Marquis¹,

Leichter²,

Lee³

1984

Neonatology

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To evaluate the effect of chronic maternal alcohol consumption on plasma amino acid and glucose levels in both the fetus and the mother, female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 dietary treatment groups. Group 1 (alcohol) was fed ad libitum a stock diet plus 20% alcohol in drinking water for at least 4 weeks before mating and 30% alcohol during gestation. Group 2 was pair-fed the stock diet plus corn starch calorically equivalent to the amount of alcohol consumed by group 1 animals. Group 3 (control) received the stock diet and water ad libitum. On day 21 of gestation the fetuses of alcohol-treated dams weighed significantly less than those of the control and pair-fed groups. Fetal plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the alcohol group when compared to those of the pair-fed and control groups, while the maternal glucose levels were similar in all three treatment groups. Plasma amino acid concentrations showed no corresponding trends in mother and fetus. Only proline was significantly reduced and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid elevated in the alcohol-treated dams when compared to the pair-fed and control rats. In the fetal plasma, only aspartic acid was significantly lower in the alcohol group when compared to the other two groups. A moderate degree of dehydration occurred in the alcohol-treated dams, but plasma albumin was within normal levels. It is concluded that the marked decrease in the concentration of plasma glucose in alcohol-exposed fetuses may be partially responsible for their retarded growth.

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Placental blood flow in rats fed alcohol before and during gestation

Cited by 85 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of Intrauterine Ethanol Exposure on Fetal Lung Growth

Effect of Intrauterine Ethanol Exposure on Fetal Lung Growth

Diabetes in Pregnancy: Decreased Placental Blood Flow and Disturbed Fetal Development in the Rat

Plasma Amino Acids and Glucose Levels in the Rat Fetus and Dam after Chronic Maternal Alcohol Consumption

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