Placenta Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B and C Expression in Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Pericytes

Abstract

We have shown previously that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesized by the cellular constituents of small vessels per se, viz. endothelial cells and pericytes, participates in the hypoxia-driven proliferation of both cell types (Nomura, M., Yamagishi, S.,

VEGF-C mediates cyclic pressure-induced endothelial cell proliferation

“…VEGF-C (also known as VEGF-related protein or VRP) is produced by endothelial cells (30) and is a potent endothelial mitogen that has been implicated in angiogenesis/vasculogenesis during embryonic development of the venous and lymphatic circulation as well as in maintenance of differentiated lymphatic endothelium (16).…”

PlGF: A Multitasking Cytokine with Disease-Restricted Activity

“…Exceptions include colon and lung carcinoma, where PlGF expression is low because of epigenetic silencing (Xu and Jain 2007). Not only can the tumor cells themselves produce PlGF, but also most types of stromal cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cancerassociated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and inflammatory cells (Yonekura et al 1999;Carmeliet et al 2001;Luttun et al 2002;Fischer et al 2007;Bagley et al 2011;Rolny et al 2011). Moreover, recent studies document a tumor cell $ stroma cross talk, in which tumor cells can "educate" stroma cells to produce PlGF.…”

“…1). One of the activities of PlGF, identified early on, is its effects on vessel growth and maturation (Ziche et al 1997;Yonekura et al 1999;Carmeliet et al 2001). This proangiogenic activity of PlGF relies on direct effects on endothelial and mural cells, as well as on indirect effects on nonvascular cells with proangiogenic activity (Fig.…”

“…PlGF enhances the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells (Ziche et al 1997;Carmeliet et al 2001;Adini et al 2002;Fischer et al 2007;Schmidt et al 2011), although some of these effects remain debated (see below). This cytokine also stimulates proliferation of mesenchymal fibroblasts and regulates the contractile response of mural cells, organized around the endothelium during collateral vessel growth (Yonekura et al 1999;Bellik et al 2005). In addition, PlGF recruits myeloid progenitors to growing sprouts and collateral vessels (Hattori et al 2002;Luttun et al 2002;Pipp et al 2003;Rafii et al 2003;Scholz et al 2003).…”

Clinical significance of VEGF-C status in tumour cells and stromal macrophages in non-small cell lung cancer patients

“…Among VEGF family members, it has been well known that VEGF-A is the most potent angiogenic factor and plays important roles in the progression of malignant tumours (Folkman, 1995). Recently, VEGF-C has been identified as a new VEGF family member (Paavonen et al, 1996;Cao et al, 1998;Yonekura et al, 1999), and it has been experimentally revealed that VEGF-C mediates lymphangiogenesis (Makinen et al, 2001;Mandrisota et al, 2001;Skobe et al, 2001). More recently, Padera et al (2002) have revealed in an experimental mouse model that VEGF-C expression correlates with the incidence of lymph node metastases.…”