Placenta‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Diseases: A Clinically Relevant Source

Abstract

The placenta is an organ that is discarded after childbirth. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from various parts of the placenta (PMSCs) are established as a rich, allogeneic, and sustainable source of MSCs in comparison to bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). PMSCs can be banked postnatally for future autologous and allogeneic applications in the treatment of diseases. PMSCs can be categorized as an intermediary between BM-MSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as it is devoid of adverse aspects associated with the employment of ESCs accompanied with primitive and enhanced properties in comparison to BM-MSCs. PMSCs are employed in the treatment of various diseases including cancer, neurological, bone, and cardiovascular disorders. This utility of PMSCs is due to its superior inherent characteristics in comparison to BM-MSCs, which renders PMSCs more attractive for clinical translation. Herein, this review describes the superior inherent characteristics of PMSCS in contrast to BM-MSCs including accessibility, higher expansion abilities, enhanced immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties, ability to differentiate beyond mesodermal lineages, pathotropic and regenerative abilities, lower immunogenicity, and anti-cancer strategy that are correlated to its therapeutic application in the treatment of various diseases including corona virus infection started in 2019 in recent preclinical and preclinical studies.

Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulate Neuronal Regeneration By Promoting Axon Growth And Restoring Neuronal Activity

“…They offer accessibility without invasiveness, possess strong immunomodulatory properties, high proliferative and differentiation potential, have the ability to migrate to injury sites in vivo and are ethically sound and versatile. For all these reasons, hPMSCs hold promise for regenerative medicine and better patient outcomes (59,(86)(87)(88)(89).…”

“…Nonetheless, while the predominant approach in these studies revolves around assessing the differentiation capacity of MSCs to support damaged cells, they ultimately conclude that the observed effects are mediated through paracrine signaling. A prevailing consensus among research collectives underscores the critical role of stem cells in facilitating the regeneration of injured nerves, primarily through the secretion of neurotrophic factors, including BDNF, NGF, NT-3 (23,59,61,79,80,(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95).…”

Human placenta/umbilical cord derivatives in regenerative medicine – Prospects and challenges

“…104 Both PMSCs and UCMSCs can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic cell lines. 105 However, on comparing the extent of differential potential between AMSCs, CMSCs and UCMSCs, AMSCs showed higher osteogenic differentiation, CMSCs showed higher adipogenic differentiation, and all the three exhibited comparable chondrogenic differen-tiation capabilities. 67 Both PCMSCs and UCMSCs can be differentiated into multilineages, which have made them more prominent in the allogeneic setting.…”

Human mesenchymal stem cells increase LLC metastasis and stimulate or decelerate tumor development depending on injection method and cell amount

“…Due to the expression of embryonic-specific markers, they are able to maintain an undifferentiated state and higher proliferative activity for a longer time and, moreover, they have a wider ability to differentiate. P-MSCs also demonstrate a faster growth kinetics and higher engraftment properties in recipient tissues as well as exhibit high immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties, having a lower immunogenicity than adult BM-MSCs [31,32]. In addition, P-MSCs are still a relatively understudied cell type for the impact on cancer progression.…”