Placebo control study of acute smokeless tobacco abstinence in young adult men.

Gire, James T.; Eissenberg, Thomas

doi:10.1037/0893-164x.14.4.356

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…With respect to particular products, in Study 1 we observed that General snus, but not Stonewall, approximated Own Brand nicotine exposure (consistent with Hatsukami et al, 2004), though Stonewall and General snus both suppressed withdrawal acutely (as did the nontobacco placebo; Gire & Eissenberg, 2000). Study 1 results with respect to nicotine exposure and withdrawal suppression were also consistent with data from Study 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: Clinical evaluation methodology

Gray

Breland

Weaver

et al. 2008

CNTR

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Several potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are marketed in the United States, though their effects are largely unknown. These products include some that are low in tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs), like Stonewall, a pressed tobacco tablet, and General snus, a moist snuff product produced in Sweden. Methodology assessing the toxicant exposure and effects of cigarette-like PREPs for smokers has been developed, and might be modified for use in evaluating PREPs for SLT users. This report describes two studies examining the toxicant exposure and effects of two PREPs for SLT users. Study 1 (n = 13) consisted of four 4.5-hr laboratory sessions where SLT products (own brand, Stonewall, General snus, and tobacco-free placebo) were used for four 30-min episodes and nicotine exposure and tobacco/nicotine abstinence symptoms were measured. Study 2 (n = 19) consisted of four 5-day ad libitum use periods when participants used own brand, Stonewall, General snus, or no SLT and urinary levels of metabolites of nicotine (cotinine) and the TSN 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNAL) and abstinence symptoms were measured. Compared with own brand, Stonewall was associated with lower levels of cotinine and NNAL, while General snus was associated with similar levels of cotinine and lower levels of NNAL. Abstinence symptoms generally did not differ across tobacco conditions. These results show that clinical laboratory methods can be used to evaluate the toxicant exposure and abstinence symptom suppression associated with PREPs for SLT users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Two of the measures (taken from Gire & Eissenberg, 2000) were presented as visual analogue scales (VAS) that consisted of an item above a horizontal line that had anchors on the left (“not at all”) and right (“extremely”). Subjects moved a mouse controlled cursor and clicked to produce a vertical mark on the horizontal line.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: Clinical evaluation methodology

Gray

Breland

Weaver

et al. 2008

CNTR

Self Cite

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“…The de-nicotinized cigarette condition allowed another demonstration of placebo-induced withdrawal suppression in tobacco users (e.g., Baldinger et al, 1995;Butschky, Bailey, Henningfield, & Pickworth, 1995;Gire & Eissenberg, 2000). In this case, de-nicotinized cigarettes were as effective as normally marketed cigarettes in suppressing acute withdrawal symptomatology on some measures (e.g., the QSU Factor 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This placebo-induced withdrawal suppression is thought to arise from smoking-related stimuli that gain their withdrawal suppressing capability via classical conditioning, wherein tobaccorelated stimuli (e.g., taste, smell of smoke, sight of lit cigarette, etc.) become associated with nicotine delivery (e.g., Gire & Eissenberg, 2000;Rose, Behm, & Levin 1993). Other factors, such as non-nicotine mediated MAO-B inhibition (Fowler et al, 1998) may also contribute to the effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Withdrawal-suppressing effects of a novel smoking system: comparison with own brand, not own brand, and de-nicotinized cigarettes

Buchhalter

Schrinel

Eissenberg

2001

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Tobacco smoking is associated with many health risks, all of which are decreased by smoking cessation. Tobacco companies are marketing novel products (e.g., Phillip Morris' Accord, R.J. Reynolds' Eclipse) intended to reduce these risks. Evaluation of these products is necessary to determine if they increase, decrease, or fail to change smoking's health risks. This study examines the acute effects of the Accord system on cigarette smokers; the study extends a previous preliminary evaluation by controlling for the system's eight-puff/cigarette limit, smokers' brand preference, and the act of smoking. Smokers of light or ultra-light cigarette brands (> or = 10 cigarettes/day, 16 men and 16 women) participated in this within-subjects protocol. Prior to each of the four, Latin-square ordered, approximately 2.5-h sessions, subjects abstained from smoking for at least 8 h. In each session, subjects smoked eight puffs, at 30-min intervals, from either their own brand of cigarettes, a marketed brand that was not their own, de-nicotinized tobacco cigarettes, or the novel smoking system. Subjective and physiological effects were assessed regularly. Results confirmed previous observations that the withdrawal suppression, CO intake, and tachycardia produced by the novel system are all less than that produced by normally marketed cigarette brands, even controlling for the system's eight-puff limitation and for brand preference. Incomplete withdrawal suppression may increase smoking frequency, thus potentially offsetting any decreased risks associated with Accord use. Laboratory studies of the acute effects of novel smoking systems are an important part of a comprehensive evaluation program.

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“…This appears to be based on relatively high rates of self-reported dependence among users, 34,35 the fact that nicotine intake appears to be similar in amount to that from cigarettes, 36 that users can obtain relatively high scores on a smokeless tobacco version of the FTND, 37 and reports of cravings and withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. 38 Using questions generated from the FTND, variations in levels of dependence, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes were observed between women chewing tobacco in paan and those chewing paan alone. 13 It may be noted however, that assessing level of dependence based on frequency of usage can be problematic.…”

Section: Dependence On Smokeless Tobaccomentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless tobacco cessation guidelines for health professionals in England

2004

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Smokeless tobacco is used in the UK predominantly by members of the Indian, Pakistani and especially Bangladeshi communities. The most commonly used form is tobacco mixed with lime and additional psychoactive compounds, most notably areca nut. The resulting 'quid' is chewed or held in the mouth. Studies from Asia indicate that use of this kind of product is linked with an increased risk of oral cancers and possibly low birth-weight infants. There is little high quality research evaluating interventions to promote cessation of smokeless tobacco use, especially of the forms used in the UK. However, what evidence there is suggests that advice to stop coupled with behavioural support and counselling may increase long-term abstinence rates by some 5-10%. It seems appropriate therefore to recommend that dentists, GPs and other relevant health professionals should routinely assess and record smokeless tobacco use in patients belonging to relatively high prevalence groups, that they ensure that smokeless tobacco users know the potential health risks (as well as the health risks of smoking) and that they advise them to stop and keep a record of the outcome. Dental professionals should also examine the oral cavity of smokeless tobacco users for lesions when the opportunity arises. Patients expressing an interest in stopping should be referred to specialist smoking cessation services for behavioural support and specialists in areas of high smokeless tobacco use will need to ensure that they are sufficiently knowledgeable and their services sufficiently accessible to these users. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of nicotine replacement therapy or bupropion to aid smokeless tobacco cessation. Research is needed in the UK to quantify the personal and population health risks from smokeless tobacco, the benefits of stopping, the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting cessation and patterns of use, knowledge and attitudes of users. Cigarette dependence is recognised as a life-threatening disorder which responds to treatment in the form of behavioural support and medication. In the UK this has led to treatment services being made available as part of the National Health Service. 1 The blueprint for the operation of these services was a set of guidelines funded by the Health Development Agency. 2,3 While cigarette smoking is the most hazardous and prevalent form of tobacco use, consideration also needs to be given to other forms. This paper focuses on smokeless tobacco. It considers the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in England and elsewhere, and its health effects. It examines evidence on how far smokeless tobacco use meets standard criteria for dependence and the effectiveness of interventions to promote cessation. Finally it makes recommendations for interventions by health professionals to encourage and aid cessation of smokeless tobacco use.The guidelines that comprise this paper were commissioned by the Health Development Agency for England. The development process was similar to that used ...

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Placebo control study of acute smokeless tobacco abstinence in young adult men.

Cited by 11 publications

References 51 publications

Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: Clinical evaluation methodology

Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: Clinical evaluation methodology

Withdrawal-suppressing effects of a novel smoking system: comparison with own brand, not own brand, and de-nicotinized cigarettes

Smokeless tobacco cessation guidelines for health professionals in England

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