“…In rural areas, people perceive tree benefits based on their ecosystem services (Bhebhe et al, 2023;Chauhan & Dogra, 2016;Chukwumaucheya, 2012;Sibelet et al, 2017). For example, farmers are more inclined towards tree species with large canopies, which increase the potential for providing ecosystem services such as air temperature regulation, erosion control, and wind- (Danquah, 2023;Drew-Smythe et al, 2023;Jeong et al, 2023;Paniotova-Maczka et al, 2021;Saldarriaga et al, 2020) Variation in the level of recognition and attitudes towards tree services and disservices Variation in tree preference, hence a variation in the species composition, diversity and distribution of TOF…”