Pks, a raf-related sequence in humans.

Abstract

A human fetal liver cDNA library was screened at reduced hybridization stringency for v-naf-related sequences.In addition to the expected c-raf-l cDNA, a second sequence was isolated. Comparison of the second gene (pks) to the other raf-related sequences revealed nucleotide homologies of 71%.

Drosophila melanogaster homologs of the raf oncogene.

“…Within the predicted 291-amino acid sequence (Fig. 4), 190 positions are shared with murine sequence (or 65%), while 163 positions are shared between all the raf-related genes thus far sequenced, including the distantly related human X-linked pks proto-oncogene (23). Of the remaining 101 amino acid positions, approximately half (52) are either present in one member of the family or represent a conservative amino acid change.…”

“…Also indicated is the region analogous to the tyrosine acceptor domain of the tyrosine-specific protein kinases, as well as a region which represents the last area of primary sequence homology and may be part of the nucleotide-binding site. Amino acid sequences depicted begin at position 1 for pks (23), v-raf (21), and Draf-l and at position 96 for c-raf-1 (6).…”

“…Thus far these phylogenetically ancient homologs have all been representatives of those src family members encoding tyrosine-specific protein kinases. We report here the isolation and preliminary characterization of a Drosophila gene that corresponds to the proto-oncogene c-raf and the identification of a rafrelated Drosophila locus which may represent the recently identified raf-related proto-oncogene pks present on the short arm of the human X chromosome (23). The v-raf product exhibits serine-threonine protein kinase activity (26), and c-raf shows significant primary and secondary amino acid sequence homology to protein kinase C; thus the Drosophila homolog might be expected to share this speci-* Corresponding author.…”

Splicing factor hnRNP A2 activates the Ras-MAPK-ERK pathway by controlling A-Raf splicing in hepatocellular carcinoma development

“…hnRNP A2 regulates the splicing of A-Raf reducing the production of a dominant-negative A-Raf isoform Elevated A-Raf expression levels have been observed in a number of malignancies, including astrocytomas (Hagemann et al 2009), pancreatic ductal carcinoma (Kisanuki et al 2005), angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies (Mark et al 1986), head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and colon carcinomas (Rauch et al 2004(Rauch et al , 2010. A recent study reported that A-Raf undergoes alternative splicing generating a short isoform which has a dominant-negative effect on A-Raf ( Fig.…”

Definition of the human raf amino-terminal regulatory region by deletion mutagenesis.

“…Both v-raf and its independently isolated avian retroviral homolog, v-mil, are members of the protein kinase gene family and encode cytoplasmic gag fusion proteins with associated serinethreonine kinase activity (25,28,40). Recently, a small family of raf-related genes has been described in humans (1,4,5,16,26). One of these genes, c-raf-1, is the human homolog of v-raf (4).…”