Pivotal micro factors associated with endothelial cells

Abstract

Objective: Recent studies have shown the important influence of various micro factors on the general biological activity and function of endothelial cells (ECs). Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and angiogenin ( ANG ) are classic micro factors that promote proliferation, differentiation, and migration of ECs. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and related pathways of these micro factors remain the focus of current research. Data sources: An extensive search was undertaken in the PubMed database by using keywords including “micro factors” and “endothelial cell.” This search covered relevant research articles published between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2018. Study selection: Original articles, reviews, and other articles were searched and reviewed for content on micro factors of ECs. Results: VEGF and ANG have critical functions in the occurrence, development, and status of the physiological pathology of ECs. Other EC-associated micro factors include interleukin 10, tumor protein P53, nuclear factor kappa B subunit, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor. The results of Gene Ontology analysis revealed that variations were mainly enriched in positive regulation of transcription by the RNA polymerase II promoter, cellular response to lipopolysaccharides, negative regulation of apoptotic processes, external side of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, extracellular regions, cytokine activity, growth factor activity, and identical protein binding. The results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that micro factors were predominantly enriched in inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: In summary, the main mediators, factors, or genes associated with ECs include VEGF and ANG . The effect of micro factors on ECs is complex and multifaceted. This review summarizes the correlation between ECs and several micro factors.

The effect of smoking on clinical and biochemical early healing outcomes of coronally advanced flap with connective tissue graft: Prospective cohort study

“…45,46 In addition, ANG and VEGF are two main molecular factors associated with endothelial cell functions. 47 ANG is necessary for angiogenesis, 48 and the coordinated expression of VEGF and HIF-1α is necessary for neovascularization. 49 In our study, HIF-1α, VEGF, and ANG values were correlated with each other in both recipient and donor sites, consistent with reported in vitro coordinated responses for these molecules, obtained with periodontal ligament fibroblasts.…”

“…HIF‐1α, which plays a critical role in response to hypoxic conditions, to which the harvested gingival graft tissues are exposed until revascularization is established, has been shown to stimulate ANG and VEGF production in periodontal fibroblasts 45,46 . In addition, ANG and VEGF are two main molecular factors associated with endothelial cell functions 47 . ANG is necessary for angiogenesis, 48 and the coordinated expression of VEGF and HIF‐1α is necessary for neovascularization 49 .…”

Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses

“…Two of the Notch signaling pathway components DLL4, a transmembrane ligand for the Notch, and ephrin-B2, a downstream of DLL4/Notch, have recently appeared essential in arterial differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs). Ephrin-B2 and DLL4 could be delivered into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) through exosomes to promote tumor angiogenesis [ 54 , 55 ]. Kongkavitoon et al showed a link between HBx and DLL4-Notch1 in regulating cell survival in HCC.…”

Potential Role of Artemisinin And Its Derivatives In The Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration

“…VEGF is an autocrine basic protein, which is mainly secreted by macrophages, RPE cells, vascular endothelial cells and pericytes etc. [73,74]. Hypoxia, oncogenes and in ammatory factors are involved in the regulation of VEGF biological activity [75].…”