PIV measurements of waves and turbulence in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

Birvalski, M.; Tummers, M.J.; Delfos, R.; Henkes, R.A.W.M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.03.001

Cited by 49 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…LaVision's Davis 8 software was used to dewarp and calibrate the raw images, resulting in a common real-world coordinate system for both cameras. (Birvalski et al 2014) with triangles. Dotted lines G1s-G3s, G1-G5 and L1-L7 are used for reference in the text throughout this study.…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method works by detecting the zero crossings, the crests and the troughs, which divides the waves into wave quarters (labelled Q1-Q4, see Birvalski et al 2014). These characteristic points are assigned a phase; zeros are 90 • and 270 • , crests are 0 • and troughs are 180 • .…”

Section: Phase Averagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further details of the profile detection technique can be found in Birvalski et al (2013) and of the phase averaging procedure in Siddiqui & Loewen (2010).…”

Section: Phase Averagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our recent study (Birvalski et al 2014), a velocity measurement technique for very thin liquid layers was successfully developed. We studied selected cases within the 2D SA and 3D SA wave pattern regions, and showed that the 2D SA cases have a laminar liquid layer, while the 3D SA cases have a turbulent liquid layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laminar–turbulent transition and wave–turbulence interaction in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

et al. 2015

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Stratified cocurrent flow of air and water was studied experimentally in a 5 cm diameter horizontal pipe. The velocity in the liquid phase was measured using planar particle image velocimetry, and the instantaneous interfacial profile was recorded using a separate camera. The resulting velocity fields extended from the pipe wall to the wavy interface. The principal aims of the study were to investigate the laminar-turbulent transition of the liquid phase in stratified gas-liquid flow, and to explore the interaction between the transition process and the interfacial waves. The boundaries of transition were determined in both the smooth and the wavy region. The occurrence of waves had the effect of increasing the Reynolds numbers at the end of transition. On the other hand, the transition to turbulence caused a change from the '2D small-amplitude' to the '3D small-amplitude' wave pattern, which were seen to correspond to the capillary-gravity and gravity-capillary solutions of the dispersion relationship respectively. In light of this, the flowmap of the wavy region was recast into Weber number-Froude number coordinates, which provided a physical interpretation of the interaction between the developing turbulence and the changing wave patterns.

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Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phase Averagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further details of the profile detection technique can be found in Birvalski et al (2013) and of the phase averaging procedure in Siddiqui & Loewen (2010).…”

Section: Phase Averagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laminar–turbulent transition and wave–turbulence interaction in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

et al. 2015

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“…In PIV, the cross-correlation is performed on particle groups within defined windows, while in PTV it is performed on individual particles typically following PIV processing passes. PIV and PTV have been used to obtain velocity information in gasliquid systems, e.g., by and also Ashwood et al, (2015) who obtained velocity information inside the liquid film in downward gas-liquid annular flow with different approaches, while Ayati et al, (2014) performed simultaneous PIV measurements in horizontal stratified air-water pipe flows, and Birvalski et al, (2014) obtained measurements of velocity and wave characteristics in the liquid layer of gas-liquid stratified flows in circular horizontal pipes, in all cases supplying invaluable information on the flows of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of liquid–liquid flows in horizontal pipes using simultaneous two–line planar laser–induced fluorescence and particle velocimetry

Ibarra

Zadrazil

Matar

et al. 2018

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

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a b s t r a c tExperimental investigations are reported of stratified and stratified-wavy oil-water flows in horizontal pipes, based on the development and application of a novel simultaneous two-line (two-colour) technique combining planar laser-induced fluorescence with particle image/tracking velocimetry. This approach allows the study of fluid combinations with properties similar to those encountered in industrial field-applications in terms of density, viscosity, and interfacial tension, even though their refractive indices are not matched, and represents the first attempt to obtain detailed, spatiotemporally-resolved, full 2-D planar-field phase and velocity information in such flows. The flow conditions studied span mixture velocities in the range 0.3-0.6 m/s and low water-cuts up to 20%, corresponding to in situ (local) Reynolds numbers of 1750-3350 in the oil phase and 2860-11,650 in the water phase, and covering the laminar/transitional and transitional/turbulent flow regimes for the oil and water phases, respectively. Detailed, spatiotemporally-resolved in situ phase and velocity data in a vertical plane aligned with the pipe centreline and extending across the entire height of the channel through both phases are analysed to provide statistical information on the interface heights, mean axial and radial (vertical) velocity components, (rms) velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stresses, and mixing lengths. The mean liquid-liquid interface height is mainly determined by the flow water cut and is relatively insensitive (up to 20% the highest water cut) to changes in the mixture velocity, although as the mixture velocity increases the interfacial profile transitions gradually from being relatively flat to containing higher amplitude waves. The mean velocity profiles show characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow, and interesting interactions between the two co-flowing phases. In general, mean axial velocity profiles in the water phase collapse to some extent for a given water cut when normalised by the mixture velocity; conversely, profiles in the oil phase do not. Strong vertical velocity components can modify the shape of the axial velocity profiles. The axial turbulence intensity in the bulk of the water layer amounts to about 10% of the peak mean axial velocity in the studied flow conditions. In the oil phase, the axial turbulence intensity increases from low values to about 10% at the higher Reynolds numbers, perhaps due to transition from laminar to turbulent flow. The turbulence intensity showed peaks in regions of high shear, i.e., close to the pipe wall, and at the liquid-liquid interface. The development of the mixing length in the water phase, and also above the liquid-liquid interface in the oil phase, agrees reasonably well with predicted variations described by the von Karman constant. Finally, evidence of secondary flow structures both above and below the interface exists in the vertical velocity profiles, which is of interest to explore further.

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Turbulence statistics and flow structure in fluid flow using particle image velocimetry technique: A review

Ayegba

Edomwonyi‐Otu

2020

Engineering Reports

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Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement technique provides an excellent opportunity for investigating instantaneous spatial structures which are not always possible with point measurements techniques like laser Doppler velocimetry. In this review, it was shown that PIV technique provides an effective means of visualizing important structures of Newtonian and drag‐reducing fluid flows. Such structures include large‐scale‐events that constitute an important portion of the Reynolds stress tensor; shear layers of drag‐reducing flows, which have been suggested to constitute the mechanism of drag reduction (DR); and near wall vortices/low speed streaks which constitute the mechanism of turbulence production. PIV investigations of turbulence statistics in Newtonian and drag‐reducing fluid flows were reviewed with the view of providing explanation to DR by additives. Results of turbulence statistics, for Newtonian fluid flow, showed that streamwise velocity fluctuations and turbulence intensity had peak values close to the wall, in a region of high mean velocity gradient, while radial fluctuating velocity and Reynolds stress tensor had peaks further from the wall and at approximately the same detachment from the wall. In single‐ and two‐phase flows in horizontal channels, the velocity profile of polymer solution, in the turbulent regime, show asymmetric behavior. This review highlighted important interfacial characteristics in gas‐liquid flows such as S‐shaped velocity profile as well as the turbulences statistics in each phase and across the interface region. Drag‐reducing agents (DRAs)‐imposed changes on turbulence statistics and flow structures were also examined. PIV studies of drag‐reducing flows showed that DRAs act to dampen wall‐normal‐, streamwise fluctuating velocity, and Reynolds stress tensor. The reduction in Reynolds stress tensor is higher than the reduction of both wall‐normal and streamwise velocity fluctuations and this discrepancy has been associated with the decorrelation of the component of fluctuating velocity. Furthermore, the addition of DRA produces a shift of the peak of wall‐normal velocity fluctuations further from the wall due to increased buffer layer thickness. DRAs do not only act to reduce drag but also to modify the flow structure. The major influence of DRAs on flow structures is seen in the reduced strength and population of vortices close to the wall, increased spacing between low‐speed streaks, reduced frequency of large‐scale events and reduced concentration of small eddies. Effect of DRAs on flow structures depends not only on the level of DR but also on the concentration and molecular weight. The effect of concentration is linked to the elastic properties of the DRA. The influence of DRA on oil‐water flows in similar to its effect on single phase water flow with regards to changes in near wall structures and turbulence statistics. A few research gaps and limitations of the PIV techniques were also highlighted.

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PIV measurements of waves and turbulence in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

Cited by 49 publications

References 45 publications

Laminar–turbulent transition and wave–turbulence interaction in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

Laminar–turbulent transition and wave–turbulence interaction in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow

Dynamics of liquid–liquid flows in horizontal pipes using simultaneous two–line planar laser–induced fluorescence and particle velocimetry

Turbulence statistics and flow structure in fluid flow using particle image velocimetry technique: A review

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