Pitx2 regulates lung asymmetry, cardiac positioning and pituitary and tooth morphogenesis

Lin, Ching-Yu; Kioussi, Chrissa; O’Connell, Shawn M.; Briata, Paola; Szeto, Daniel P.; Liu, Forrest; Izpisúa-Belmonte, Juan Carlos; Rosenfeld, Michael G.

doi:10.1038/45803

Cited by 568 publications

(404 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Knockout of Msx1, Pax9, or Pitx2 in mice causes failed tooth development (Satakata and Maas, 1994;Peters et al, 1998;Lin et al, 1999;Lu et al, 1999). In humans, mutations in each of these genes are also associated with tooth phenotypes, including tooth agenesis and oligodontia (Semina et al, 1996;Vastardis et al, 1996;Van den Boogaard et al, 2000;Lidral and Reising, 2002;Stockton et al, 2002).…”

Section: Expression Of Fgf8 Pax9 and Shox2 In Developing Human Tootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Bmp4 induces Msx1 but represses Pax9 expression, whereas Fgf8 induces Pax9 expression during the determination of tooth forming sites (Vainio et al, 1993;Chen et al, 1996;Neubuser et al, 1997) On the other hand, Msx1 and Pax9 regulate the expression of Bmp4 (Chen et al, 1996;Peters et al, 1998). Fgf8 positively but Bmp4 negatively regulates Pitx2 expression (St. Amand et al, 2000), while Pitx2 in turn positively regulates Fgf8 expression (Lin et al, 1999;Lu et al, 1999). Furthermore, BMP activity was shown to be necessary for Shox2 expression in developing mouse palatal shelves (Yu et al, 2005).…”

Section: Expression Of Fgf8 Pax9 and Shox2 In Developing Human Tootmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

Lin

Huang

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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In the developing murine tooth, the expression patterns of numerous regulatory genes have been examined and their roles have begun to be revealed. To unveil the molecular mechanisms that regulate human tooth morphogenesis, we examined the expression patterns of several regulatory genes, including BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, PAX9, PITX2, and SHOX2, and compared them with that found in mice. All of these genes are known to play critical roles in murine tooth development. Our results show that these genes exhibit basically similar expression patterns in the human tooth germ compared with that in the mouse. However, slightly different expression patterns were also observed for some of the genes at certain stages. For example, MSX1 expression was detected in the inner enamel epithelium in addition to the dental mesenchyme at the bell stage of the human tooth. Moreover, FGF8 expression remained in the dental epithelium at the cap stage, while PAX9 and SHOX2 expression was detected in both dental epithelium and mesenchyme of the human tooth germ. Our results indicate that, although slight differences exist in the gene expression patterns, the human and mouse teeth not only share considerable homology in odontogenesis but also use similar underlying molecular networks. Developmental Dynamics 236:1307-1312, 2007.

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Section: Expression Of Fgf8 Pax9 and Shox2 In Developing Human Tootmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Expression Of Fgf8 Pax9 and Shox2 In Developing Human Tootmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

Lin

Huang

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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“…maintenance in mice and subsequently for the development of the hinge region (Lin et al, 1999;Lu et al, 1999;Liu et al, 2003). Vertebrate Pitx2 is expressed in the surface ectoderm that will cover the stomodeum, including associated hypophyseal and dental placodes and the peri-oral ectoderm (Mucchielli et al, 1997;St.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vertebrate Pitx2 is expressed in the surface ectoderm that will cover the stomodeum, including associated hypophyseal and dental placodes and the peri-oral ectoderm (Mucchielli et al, 1997;St. Amand et al, 1998, 2000Campione et al, 1999;Lin et al, 1999;Lu et al, 1999;Schweickert et al, 2001a,b;Boorman and Shimeld, 2002;Liu et al, 2003;Jackman et al, 2004). Whereas the skeletal defects have not been extensively reported, murine mutants lacking Pitx2, much like the Fgf8 Nes-CreϪ/Ϫ mice, maintain the dis- tal rostral process of MC but lack most of the body of MC (Liu et al, 2003).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, polarity and, therefore, pattern appears to already exist in the epiblastal ectoderm before gastrulation as evinced by asymmetric patterns of gene expression typically encountered within epiblast (e.g., Bmp4,Otx2,Fgf8,T [Brachury],Cripto,Wnt3,Nodal,Hesx1,Hex,, VE-1, Lim1 [Lhx1], GATA, Dlx, and Dkk1; Lawson et al, 1991;Lawson and Pedersen, 1992;Dono et al, 1993;Simeone et al, 1993;Ang and Rossant, 1994;Crossley and Martin, 1995;Belo et al, 1997;Varlet et al, 1997;Eyal-Giladi, 1997;Beddington and Robertson, 1998;Biben et al, 1998;Ding et al, 1998;Shawlot et al, 1998;Thomas et al, 1998;Liu et al, 1999;Pera et al, 1999;Crossley et al, 2001;Tian et al, 2002;Chapman et al, 2002). This asymmetry is mirrored by the underlying hypoblast (visceral endoderm;e.g., Otx2, Lim1, Hesx1, Hex, HNF3␤, Lefty1, Nodal (Acampora et al, 1995;Thomas and Beddington, 1996;Belo et al, 1997;Filosa et al, 1997;Varlet et al, 1997;Thomas et al, 1998;Meno et al, 1999;Shimono and Berhinger, 1999;Kim...…”

Section: First Perambulations: Polarity and Pattern In The Pregastrulmentioning

confidence: 99%

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21^st Century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull

Depew

Simpson

2006

Developmental Dynamics

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Classic neontology (comparative embryology and anatomy), through the application of the concept of homology, has demonstrated that the development of the gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) skull is characterized both by a fidelity to the gnathostome bauplan and the exquisite elaboration of final structural design. Just as homology is an old concept amended for modern purposes, so are many of the questions regarding the development of the skull. With due deference to Geoffroy-St. Hilaire, Cuvier, Owen, Lankester et al., we are still asking: How are bauplan fidelity and elaboration of design maintained, coordinated, and modified to generate the amazing diversity seen in cranial morphologies? What establishes and maintains pattern in the skull? Are there universal developmental mechanisms underlying gnathostome autapomorphic structural traits? Can we detect and identify the etiologies of heterotopic (change in the topology of a developmental event), heterochronic (change in the timing of a developmental event), and heterofacient (change in the active capacetence, or the elaboration of capacity, of a developmental event) changes in craniofacial development within and between taxa? To address whether jaws are all made in a like manner (and if not, then how not), one needs a starting point for the sake of comparison. To this end, we present here a "hinge and caps" model that places the articulation, and subsequently the polarity and modularity, of the upper and lower jaws in the context of cranial neural crest competence to respond to positionally located epithelial signals. This model expands on an evolving model of polarity within the mandibular arch and seeks to explain a developmental patterning system that apparently keeps gnathostome jaws in functional registration yet tractable to potential changes in functional demands over time. It relies upon a system for the establishment of positional information where pattern and placement of the "hinge" is driven by factors common to the junction of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the first arch and of the "caps" by the signals emanating from the distal-most first arch midline and the lamboidal junction (where the maxillary branch meets the frontonasal processes). In this particular model, the functional registration of jaws is achieved by the integration of "hinge" and "caps" signaling, with the "caps" sharing at some critical level a developmental history that potentiates their own coordination. We examine the evidential foundation for this model in mice, examine the robustness with which it can be applied to other taxa, and examine potential proximate sources of the signaling centers. Lastly, as developmental biologists have long held that the anterior-most mesendoderm (anterior archenteron roof or prechordal plate) is in some way integral to the normal formation of the head, including the cranial skeletal midlines, we review evidence that the seminal patterning influences on the early anterior ectoderm extend well beyond the neural plate and are just as importan...

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The Pitx2 protein in mouse development

Hjalt

Semina

Amendt³

et al. 2000

Dev. Dyn.

121

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Pitx2 regulates lung asymmetry, cardiac positioning and pituitary and tooth morphogenesis

Cited by 568 publications

References 26 publications

Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

21^st Century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull

The Pitx2 protein in mouse development

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Pitx2 regulates lung asymmetry, cardiac positioning and pituitary and tooth morphogenesis

Cited by 568 publications

References 26 publications

Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germ

21st Century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull

The Pitx2 protein in mouse development

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21^st Century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull