Pitted Keratolysis: A Manifestation of Human Dermatophilosis

Rl, Gillum; Sm, Qadri; Mn, Al-Ahdal; Dh, Connor; Aj, Strano

doi:10.1159/000248584

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…D. congolensis is the etiological agent of dermatophilosis, an exudative dermatitis of ruminants that can damage hides and decrease milk production (30). D. congolensis has also been reported to cause pitted keratolysis in humans (13). Although these OTUs have high sequence similarity to pathogens, we cannot be absolutely sure, based on 16S rDNA sequence alone, that these organisms are pathogenic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Identification of Bacterial Populations in Dairy Wastewaters by Use of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Other Genetic Markers

McGarvey

Miller

Sánchez

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Hydraulic flush waste removal systems coupled to solid/liquid separators and circulated treatment lagoons are commonly utilized to manage the large amounts of animal waste produced on high-intensity dairy farms. Although these systems are common, little is known about the microbial populations that inhabit them or how they change as they traverse the system. Using culture-based and non-culture-based methods, we characterized the microbial community structure of manure, water from the separator pit, and water from the circulated treatment lagoon from a large dairy in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Our results show that both total bacterial numbers and bacterial diversity are highest in manure, followed by the separator pit water and the lagoon water. The most prevalent phylum in all locations was the Firmicutes (low-G؉C, gram-positive bacteria). The most commonly occurring operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had a 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence 96 to 99% similar to that of Clostridium lituseburense and represented approximately 6% of the manure derived sequences, 14% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 20% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Also highly prevalent was an OTU with a 16S rDNA sequence 97 to 100% similar to that of Eubacterium tenue, comprising approximately 3% of the manure-derived sequences, 6% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 9% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Taken together, these sequences represent approximately one-third of the total organisms in the lagoon waters, suggesting that they are well adapted to this environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Identification of Bacterial Populations in Dairy Wastewaters by Use of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Other Genetic Markers

McGarvey

Miller

Sánchez

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…chronic nodular disease, and asymptomatic infection (2,4,5,7,9). There is no specific treatment for dermatophilosis.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Infection by Dermatophilus congolensis Underdiagnosed?

Amor

Enríquez²,

Corcuera³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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Dermatophilus congolensis, which affects animal species, is an uncommon human infection. Few cases, mainly in tropical areas, have been reported. We describe the first human infection in Spain in a traveler returning from Central America. Diagnosis of human infection may be underestimated in people in contact with animals. CASE REPORTIn September 2009, a 26-year-old woman came to the Tropical Diseases Service, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, with skin lesions on her right wrist and no other symptoms. Two months prior to her presentation, the patient spent 15 days in Costa Rica working as a volunteer on a dairy farm. She reported close contact with animals, including feeding and milking cows, as well as drinking raw milk. She did not report any other contact with livestock in Spain, either professionally or in leisure activities. The patient had been vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus in 2003. In addition, she was vaccinated against hepatitis B (third dose), hepatitis A (first dose), typhoid fever, and rabies 2 weeks before her trip. She followed a correct malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine. No other previous medical history was of interest. Five days after her arrival in Costa Rica, she noticed a vesicular eruption over a scratched area on her right wrist that evolved to pustules and crust 4 days later. The eruption relapsed on several occasions and was painful and itchy. Neither fever nor lymph node swelling was present. She had begun self-treatment with topical gentamicin and corticosteroid ointment 1 month before medical consultation, with a mild improvement. The patient's physical examination revealed five erythematous, desquamative lesions of less than 0.5 cm in diameter and with elevated edges. Topical treatment was discontinued, and a sample for microbiological analysis was taken. One month later, the lesions had disappeared.Swab samples were taken from the lesions and sent to our laboratory for bacterial and fungal culture analyses. They were directly inoculated in blood and chocolate agar, thioglycolate broth, Sabouraud chloramphenicol, and Sabouraud cycloheximide (Actidione)-chloramphenicol agar. Blood and chocolate agar and thioglycolate broth were incubated at 35°C in an aerobic atmosphere, the chocolate agar was incubated in air supplemented with 5% CO 2 , and the blood agar was also incubated in an anaerobic atmosphere. Sabouraud chloramphenicol and Sabouraud cycloheximide-chloramphenicol agar plates were incubated at 32°C. After 24 h, a pure culture of tiny, point-like, smooth, creamy white-colored, beta-hemolytic colonies adherent to the media grew in aerobic blood agar and chocolate agar. Gram staining showed hypha-like, branching filaments with "train track" form and clusters of sporangia as well as coccoid Gram-positive forms, mostly in chains (Fig. 1). After 48 h, crowded colonies became yellowish and mucoid, with a great variation in colonial morphology, e.g., pulvinate, umbonate, or cake crumb-like (Fig. 2). At that time, released sporangia were the main finding in the Gram sta...

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“…Although infection may not be uncommon in humans, few additional cases have been reported, primarily in Africa and Australia. In all but two reports, the infected individuals had described contact with animals (1,8). A review of the literature indicates that human disease caused by D. congolensis has a wide clinical spectrum (12,15,17).…”

Section: Gelatin Hydrolysis ϩ ϩmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human infections are apparently generally self-limiting and regress gradually without treatment but can recur if the skin remains moist for 10 to 16 h per day (8). Although methods of testing are not given, D. congolensis has been reported to be sensitive in vitro to penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, amikacin, neomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and norfloxacin (8,15). MICs were determined for the isolate in this case by Etest (AB Biodisk, Piscataway, NJ) on Mueller-Hinton sheep blood agar (Remel, Lenexa, KS).…”

Section: Gelatin Hydrolysis ϩ ϩmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pustular Dermatitis Caused by Dermatophilus congolensis

Burd¹,

Juzych²,

Rudrik

et al. 2007

J Clin Microbiol

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We describe a case of pustular dermatitis in a 15-year-old girl who had just returned from horseback riding camp. Based on gram staining, colony characteristics, biochemical reactions, and whole-cell fatty acid analysis, the causative agent was identified as Dermatophilus congolensis. The literature contains few reports of human infection with this organism. CASE REPORTA 15-year-old Caucasian girl with a history of recalcitrant verruca on both hands presented to the dermatology clinic with an eruption on her left inner thigh. The eruption began after the patient returned home from a 2-week session at a horseback riding camp in rural Michigan. The weather had been hot and humid, and the campers often rode bareback, wore shorts, and did not shower regularly. The eruption was slightly tender to touch but not painful or pruritic, and there was no burning or tingling in the area prior to the lesion's appearance. Examination of the skin revealed multiple erythematous papules and pustules over a large portion of the left medial thigh. A few other campers had similar lesions, but they were not as severe. Samples from the pustules were taken for bacterial and fungal cultures by swabbing the purulent discharge. Gram staining was not performed. The patient was placed on cephalexin at 500 mg four times a day for 10 days and was encouraged to wash with an antibacterial soap.An organism was isolated in pure culture. The organism grew readily on blood and chocolate agars (Remel, Lenexa, KS) after overnight incubation at 35°C in 5% CO 2 . Colonies were slightly beta-hemolytic, yellowish, irregular, hard, and adherent to the agar surface and produced pits in the agar medium. Gram staining of the colonies showed gram-positive coccoid forms and large, long, irregular, tapering filaments, many with transverse septa (Fig. 1). The organism was catalase positive and urease positive. Based on these characteristics, the organism was presumptively identified as Dermatophilus congolensis. Definitive identification was performed by the Michigan Department of Community Health based on a variety of biochemical reactions and whole-cell fatty acid analysis with the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE). The organism hydrolyzed casein and starch but not xanthine or tyrosine (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD). Nitrates were reduced, urease was produced, and gelatin was liquefied slowly (Remel, Lenexa, KS). The organism produced an alkaline reaction with peptonization in litmus milk (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD; prepared at the Michigan Department of Community Health [MDCH]) and grew in standard nutrient broth (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD; prepared at MDCH) but not in the presence of 6% sodium chloride. With Purple Broth Base containing 1% carbohydrates (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD; prepared at MDCH), dextrose was weakly fermented but xylose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, maltose, salicin, inositol, sorbitol, arabinose, raffinose, rhamnose, galactose, and glycerol were not fermented. The organism was not acid fast and gre...

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Pitted Keratolysis: A Manifestation of Human Dermatophilosis

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of Bacterial Populations in Dairy Wastewaters by Use of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Other Genetic Markers

Identification of Bacterial Populations in Dairy Wastewaters by Use of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Other Genetic Markers

Is Infection by Dermatophilus congolensis Underdiagnosed?

Pustular Dermatitis Caused by Dermatophilus congolensis

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