Pitch Canker: A Disease Complex of Southern Pines

Dwinell, L. David; Barrows-Braddus, J. B.; Kuhlman, E. G.

doi:10.1094/pd-69-270

Cited by 122 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…Fusarium circinatum was first described on infected Pinus virginiana trees in North Carolina, USA (Hepting and Roth 1946). Subsequently, the pathogen has been identified in Haiti (Berry and Hepting 1959), all of south-eastern USA down to Florida (Dwinell et al 1985), California (McCain et al 1987), Japan (Kobayashi and Muramoto 1989), South Africa (Viljoen et al 1994), Spain (Dwinell et al 1998), Mexico (Guerra-Santos 1999), Chile (Wingfield et al 2002b), Italy (Carlucci et al 2007) and most recently Portugal (Bragança et al 2009). …”

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confidence: 99%

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker of mature pines and root/collar rot of pine seedlings/cuttings, has resulted in large-scale losses to pine forestry in various parts of the world. The disease caused by this fungus is now regarded as one of the most important threats to pine plantations by a pathogen. Fusarium circinatum was first discovered in South Africa in 1990 where it infected Pinus patula seedlings in a nursery. Subsequently, the pathogen spread to pine nurseries in all other parts of the country, where it affects several Pinus species. Fusarium circinatum then appeared in the field where it has resulted in large-scale mortality of mostly young P. patula seedlings after planting. Pitch canker first appeared on mature P. radiata in 2006 and sporadic outbreaks of the disease have occurred subsequently on this species and on P. greggii in the western, southern and north-eastern Cape. Pinus patula is the most important softwood species grown in South Africa, comprising 50% of all softwoods planted, and is highly susceptible to F. circinatum. The pathogen, therefore, poses a potentially devastating threat to the future sustainability of the South African softwood industry. Strategic measures to minimise further spread are urgently needed. This review presents an overview of the impact that F. circinatum has had on South African forestry, and it considers the long-term prospects for pine forestry in the country as this relates to the presence of the pitch canker fungus.

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confidence: 99%

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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“…Low elevation sources of the seedlings of P. patula and P. tecunumanii showed significantly higher resistance to F. circinatum than those from high elevation (Hodge and Dvorak, 2007). Pitch canker outbreaks in the Southeast United States have been related with hurricanes (Dwinell et al, 1985). Also, high levels of nutrients, both in pine needles and soils, are associated with increasing severity of the pitch canker disease (Lopez-Zamora et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini; telemorph: Giberella circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell) distributed in different parts of the world (Correll et al, 1991;Dwinell et al, 1985;Gordon et al, 2001;Nirenberg and O'Donnell, 1998). Advanced symptoms of the disease result in crown dieback and resinous cankers on branches and main stems (Storer et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of Pathogenic Variation against Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum in Pinus thunbergii and Responses of Natural Selection Pinus × rigitaeda to Branch Inoculation in a Seed Orchard

Woo¹,

Yoon²,

Han³

et al. 2010

The Plant Pathology Journal

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A half-sib family of two 4-year-old seedlings of Pinus × rigitaeda was inoculated with each of 20 Pinus thunbergii isolates of Fusarium circinatum (syn. Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini) from two pitch canker damaged sites in Jeju Island, South Korea. Initial symptoms of needle damages were visible on most of the seedlings at 18 days after inoculation. The 20 tested isolates were not significantly different in virulence, based on lesion lengths at the site of inoculation (P = 0.217). The most virulent isolate FT-7 showed the longest lesion length. Some seedlings began to die 46 days after inoculation. All seedlings were dead by 68 days after inoculation except two seedlings inoculated with each of isolates FS-2 and FS-13, respectively. Using the FT-7, 38-year-old 11 P. × rigitaeda trees, which were survived from a seed orchard severely damaged by pitch canker, were inoculated on branches in the seed orchard in Jeju Island to assess differences in susceptibility to pitch canker. The 11 trees differed significantly (P < 0.001) in susceptibility to F. circinatum based on average lesion lengths measured 56 days after inoculation. It is possible that induced resistance contributed to their capacity to limit lesion development. The susceptibility of natural selection P. × rigitaeda trees are more likely affected by interaction with F. circinatum rather than environmental conditions.

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“…The pitch canker pathogen has been present in the southern United States and Haiti for many years (Dwinell et al, 1981), whereas reports of its occurrence in California, Mexico, Japan and South Africa are more recent (McCain et al, 1987;Kobayashi & Muramoto, 1989;Santos & Tovar, 1991;Viljoen et al, 1994). The South African isolates of F.s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fungus is heterothallic, and has a teleomorph known as Gibberella subglutinans Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (Nelson et al, 1983). Some isolates of F. subglutinans are responsible for pitch canker disease of pine trees (Dwinell et al, 1981). These isolates have been assigned to a forma specialis, referred to herein as F. subglutinans f.sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic diversity in a South African population of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini

et al. 1997

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The genotypic diversity in a South African population of Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini (F.s. pini) was determined, based on the number of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Isolates of F.s. pini from South Africa (69), California (five) and Florida (19) were included in the study. The nit1 (or nit3) and NitM mutants were selected as chlorate resistant sectors and paired on minimal medium. The South African isolates of F.s. pini were assigned to 23 different VCGs. No heterokaryons formed between isolates from South Africa, California and Florida. The high degree of genotypic diversity in the South African population of F.s. pini is probably due to some level of sexual reproduction in the population.

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Pitch Canker: A Disease Complex of Southern Pines

Cited by 122 publications

References 0 publications

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Assessment of Pathogenic Variation against Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum in Pinus thunbergii and Responses of Natural Selection Pinus × rigitaeda to Branch Inoculation in a Seed Orchard

Genotypic diversity in a South African population of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini

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