Piscivory and prey size selection in young-of-the-year bluefish: predator preference or size-dependent capture success?

Juanes, Francis; Conover, D. O.

doi:10.3354/meps114059

Cited by 118 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Whether this is true for M. menidia is unknown. Predation is a major source of mortality for silversides during the growing season (Juanes and Conover 1995). The main predators of silversides (P. saltatrix, M. saxatilis, and weakfish, Cynoscion regalis) are all more abundant south of Cape Cod than to the north (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953;Murdy et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Predators were captured with haul seines and transported to FPML where they were acclimatized to experimental tanks for 1-3 weeks prior to trials. Most trials involved P. saltatrix because it is the principal predator of silversides in many locations (Friedland et al 1988;Conover 1994, 1995;. All predators were maintained on a diet of live silversides drawn from NS and SC laboratory stocks, and all prey were trained to recognize predators through constant exposure during rearing.…”

Section: Experimental Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

2001

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Abstract. The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) exhibits countergradient latitudinal variation in somatic growth rate along the East Coast of North America. Larvae and juveniles from high-latitude populations display higher intrinsic rates of energy consumption and growth than genotypes from low-latitude populations. The existence of submaximal growth in some environments suggests that trade-offs must counter the oft-cited theoretical benefits of energy and growth maximization (e.g., ''bigger is better,'' ''faster is better'') in the immature life stages. We hypothesized that energy and growth maximization trades off against investment in defense from predators. We conducted laboratory selection experiments to compare vulnerability to predation of silversides from: (1) fast-growing northern (Nova Scotia, NS) versus slow-growing southern (South Carolina, SC) source populations; (2) phenotypically manipulated fast-growing versus moderately-growing NS fish; and (3) recently fed versus unfed NS and SC fish. Tests involved fish drawn from common-garden environments and were conducted by subjecting mixed-treatment schools of sizematched silversides to natural, common piscine predators. NS silversides suffered significantly higher predation mortality than SC silversides. Parallel results were found in phenotypic manipulation of growth: NS silversides reared on a fast-growth trajectory (ϳ1.0 mm/day) were significantly more vulnerable to predation than those growing at a moderate rate (ϳ0.5 mm/day). Food consumption also affected vulnerability to predators: Silversides with large meals in their stomachs suffered significantly higher predation mortality than unfed silversides. Differences in predation vulnerability were likely due to swimming performance, not attractiveness to predators. Our findings demonstrate that maximization of energy intake and growth rate engenders fitness costs in the form of increased vulnerability to predation.Key words. Countergradient variation, evolutionary physiology, genotype-environment covariance, growth rate, latitude, life-history evolution, locomotory performance, optimal foraging theory. At what rate should immature organisms grow to maximize their fitness? Ecological theory suggests that natural selection favors genotypes that maximize net energy acquisition and growth (Lotka 1922;Ware 1982;Stearns 1992). Because rates of survival and reproductive output generally increase with size in many organisms, individuals that grow faster would reap the benefits of large size earlier in life and experience higher survival and fitness (Sauer and Slade 1987;Sogard 1997). Despite evidence and theoretical arguments to the contrary (Priede 1977;Calow 1982;Sibly et al. 1985;Abrams et al. 1996;Arendt 1997;Conover and Schultz 1997;Gotthard 2000), this faster-is-better paradigm is pervasive: Many life-history studies employ growth rate as a direct scalar of relative fitness among juveniles (e.g., Hatfield and Schluter 1999), and habitat quality is routinely evaluated based on positive associations...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

2001

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“…Three bluefish or seabass were used in each predator-prey trial because this number of individuals has been shown to allow for normal schooling and feeding behaviors of roving fishes (Juanes and Conover, 1994;Scharf et al, 1998;Staudinger and Juanes, 2010c). Although flounder are considered solitary animals, previous experiments (Staudinger andJuanes, 2010b, c, 2011) have shown that these lie-andwait predators may not move for hours and may not attack unless a prey is within a single body length.…”

Section: Predator-prey Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive Responses of Cuttlefish to Different Teleost Predators

Staudinger

Buresch

Mäthger

et al. 2013

The Biological Bulletin

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Abstract. We evaluated cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) responses to three teleost predators: bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and black seabass (Centropristis striata). We hypothesized that the distinct body shapes, swimming behaviors, and predation tactics exhibited by the three fishes would elicit markedly different antipredator responses by cuttlefish. Over the course of 25 predator-prey behavioral trials, 3 primary and 15 secondary defense behaviors of cuttlefish were shown to predators. In contrast, secondary defenses were not shown during control trials in which predators were absent. With seabass-a benthic, sit-and-pursue predator-cuttlefish used flight and spent more time swimming in the water column than with other predators. With bluefish-an active, pelagic searching predator-cuttlefish remained closely associated with the substrate and relied more on cryptic behaviors. Startle (deimatic) displays were the most frequent secondary defense shown to seabass and bluefish, particularly the Dark eye ring and Deimatic spot displays. We were unable to evaluate secondary defenses by cuttlefish to flounder-a lie-and-wait predator-because flounder did not pursue cuttlefish or make attacks. Nonetheless, cuttlefish used primary defense during flounder trials, alternating between cryptic still and moving behaviors. Overall, our results suggest that cuttlefish may vary their behavior in the presence of different teleost predators: cryptic behaviors may be more important in the presence of active searching predators (e.g., bluefish), while conspicuous movements such as swimming in the water column and startle displays may be more prevalent with relatively sedentary, bottomassociated predators (e.g., seabass).

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“…Cependant, les prédateurs des jeunes poissons peuvent s'alimenter autant des plus petits individus, plus vulnérables (Juanes et Conover 1994), que des plus gros, plus visibles et offrant un meilleur gain énergétique (Pépin et Shears 1995;Gleason et Bengtson 1996).…”

Section: Mise En Garde/adviceunclassified

Impact de la prédation sur le recrutement de l'éperlan arc-en-ciel (Osmerus mordax) au Lac Saint-Jean /

Tremblay¹

2003

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11Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la ouananiche soit très sélective en ce qui concerne le choix de ses proies. Elle se nourrit principalement de jeunes éperlans arc-enciel de l'année. Le doré jaune serait, quant à lui, un prédateur opportuniste se nourrissant d'une grande variété de proies, quoiqu'il semble, au lac Saint-Jean, se nourrir d'une grande proportion d'insectes. La ouananiche ne semble donc pas être affectée négativement par la compétition du doré jaune. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la consommation prédite par le modèle bioénergétique est de deux à sept fois plus élevée que celle estimée avec la méthode d'Eggers (1977). Cette surestimation de la consommation serait possiblement due à une estimation trop élevée de l'activité. Par contre, la consommation prédite par le modèle bioénergétique donne une bonne idée de l'impact de la prédation sur l'éperlan. En effet, les saumoneaux ingéreraient plus de 69% de la quantité d'éperlans consommés annuellement par l'ensemble des quatre classes d'âge de ouananiches à l'étude. C'est donc cette classe d'âge qui aurait l'impact le plus important sur le recrutement des jeunes éperlans au lac Saint-Jean.

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Piscivory and prey size selection in young-of-the-year bluefish: predator preference or size-dependent capture success?

Cited by 118 publications

References 63 publications

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

Defensive Responses of Cuttlefish to Different Teleost Predators

Impact de la prédation sur le recrutement de l'éperlan arc-en-ciel (Osmerus mordax) au Lac Saint-Jean /

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