Piperonyl butoxide, α[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene: A review of the literature

Haley, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/s0147-6513(78)80025-6

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Other instances of antagonism of toxicity of insecticides by PBO have been reported. 33 No studies, thus far, have been conducted to examine resistance to PBO in insect populations. Inert ingredients may be chemically or biologically active and act as adjuvants which enhance or modify the capability of pesticide formulations to affect significant toxicologic endpoints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys

Scott

Hribar

Leal

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys

Scott

Hribar

Leal

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major aim of our study was to evaluate whether inhibition of oxidative metabolism of bumetanide by PBO would enhance its effects on the kidney and brain in rodents. PBO is widely used as a pesticide synergist, inhibiting the metabolism of pesticides by insects, while its toxicity in mammals is very low (Haley, 1978). As reported by Halladay et al (1978), PBO inhibited the metabolism of bumetanide in rat hepatocytes, and, following systemic administration of PBO and bumetanide, caused a seven-fold increase of unchanged bumetanide in urine, a six-fold increase in the diuretic activity of bumetanide and a two-fold increase in its elimination half-life.…”

Section: Effect Of Pbo On the Elimination And Diuretic Activity Of Bumentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of inhibition of bumetanide metabolism in rodents on brain penetration and effects of bumetanide in chronic models of epilepsy

Töpfer

Töllner

Brandt

et al. 2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The diuretic bumetanide, which acts by blocking the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC), is widely used to inhibit neuronal NKCC1, particularly when NKCC1 expression is abnormally increased in brain diseases such as epilepsy. However, bumetanide poorly penetrates into the brain and, in rodents, is rapidly eliminated because of extensive oxidation of its N-butyl sidechain, reducing the translational value of rodent experiments. Inhibition of oxidation by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has previously been reported to increase the half-life and diuretic activity of bumetanide in rats. Here we studied whether inhibition of bumetanide metabolism by PBO also increases brain levels of bumetanide in rats, and whether this alters pharmacodynamic effects in the kindling model of epilepsy. Furthermore, we studied the effects of PBO in mice. Mice eliminated bumetanide less rapidly than rats (elimination half-life 47 min vs. 13 min). Pretreatment with PBO increased the half-life in mice to average values (70 min) previously determined in humans, and markedly elevated brain levels of bumetanide. In rats, the increase in plasma and brain levels of bumetanide by PBO was less marked than in mice. PBO significantly increased the diuretic activity of bumetanide in rats and, less effectively, in mice. In epileptic mice, bumetanide (with PBO) did not suppress spontaneous seizures. In the rat kindling model, bumetanide (with or without PBO) did not exert anticonvulsant effects on fully kindled seizures, but dose-dependently altered kindling development. These data indicate that PBO offers a simple means to enhance the translational properties of rodent experiments with bumetanide, particularly when using mice.

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“…Safrole is used as the starting chemical for synthesizing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ( 20 ), a broad‐spectrum pesticidal synergist . Safrole can actually enhance the potency of specific pesticides, primarily pyrethroids, rotenone, and carbamates, without possessing any insecticidal activity of its own.…”

Section: Chemistry Of Safrolementioning

confidence: 99%

“…149,150 Safrole is used as the starting chemical for synthesizing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (20), a broad-spectrum pesticidal synergist. 151,152 Safrole can actually enhance the potency of specific pesticides, primarily pyrethroids, rotenone, and carbamates, without possessing any insecticidal activity of its own. Piperonyl butoxide (20) inhibits the mixed-function oxidase system of insects, which is responsible for the oxidative degradation of toxins.…”

Section: Chemis Try Of Safrolementioning

confidence: 99%

Review on safrole: identity shift of the ‘candy shop’ aroma to a carcinogen and deforester

Kemprai

Mahanta

Sut

et al. 2019

Flavour & Fragrance J

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Safrole, a phenylpropene with a ‘candy shop’ aroma, is abundant in nature among diverse plant genera such as Sassafras, Ocotea, Cinnamomum, Myristica, and Piper. Sassafras oil has been used extensively for a long time, first by Native Americans and later by European settlers in traditional medicine and as a flavouring agent. Until 1960 the consumption of safrole by the western population, as a flavouring agent in beer, meat, and soft drinks, was unregulated. Later, the recognition of this phytochemical as a weak hepatocarcinogen with demonstrated genotoxicity in rodents led to strict restrictions on its use in food by various regulatory bodies globally. Moreover, in Asian countries oral carcinogenesis has been linked to safrole through the habit of chewing betel quid. As a separate issue, safrole is an inexpensive synthetic precursor to the illicit recreational drug Ecstasy. Accelerating demand for this party drug during the last few decades has encouraged the unscientific harvesting, illegal production, and trading of safrole‐rich oils, leading to massive deforestation. Recently, many government authorities have enforced laws to restrict the production and harvesting of safrole‐bearing plants. Thus, the identity of safrole has altered with time from a pleasant flavouring agent to a hepatocarcinogen, and more recently as a driver of the destruction of biodiversity. Law enforcement has not only hampered its availability but has also extensively affected industrial use. Our review describes the research progress (1960–2018) on its natural distribution, carcinogenicity, usage as a natural synthon, and the regulations imposed on safrole and safrole‐rich oils worldwide. Finally, we draw our readers’ attention to the sustainable use of this phytochemical for a better future.

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Piperonyl butoxide, α[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene: A review of the literature

Cited by 21 publications

References 138 publications

Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys

Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys

Consequences of inhibition of bumetanide metabolism in rodents on brain penetration and effects of bumetanide in chronic models of epilepsy

Review on safrole: identity shift of the ‘candy shop’ aroma to a carcinogen and deforester

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