Pipeline Gas from Oil Shale by Direct Hydrogasification

Feldkirchner, H.L.; Linden, H.R.

doi:10.1021/i260011a007

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Feldkirchner and Linden (17) in their study of hydrogasification of oil shale reported carbonate decomposition rates in excess of those reported by Jukkola (15). It was hypothesized that a lower concentration of carbon dioxide partially explained this.…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 88%

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A Feasibility Study of an In Situ Retorting Process for Oil Shale

Barnes¹,

Rowe²

1968

Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal

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A heat transfer study was made of hot gas injection into oil shale through wells interconnected by vertical fractures. This analysis involved the simultaneous numerical solution of a nonlinear, second-order partial differential equation that describes two-dimensional conduction heat transfer in oil shale and a non linear first-order partial differential equation that describes convection heat transfer in the fractures. Three nonlinear, temperature-dependent coefficients were used in this work; they are thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and retorting endothermic heat losses of oil shale. Vertical fractures were considered to be of finite height. Although vertical conduction heat transfer was not considered, an estimate of the error resulting from this limitation was made. How retorting efficiency was affected by injected gas temperature, injection rate, system geometry, cyclic injection and time were investigated. Results from this study show that the rate of retorting oil shale is a direct function of both injection temperature and rate, and the theoretical producing air-oil ratio:(AOR) is an inverse function of temperature. Retorting rates are constant until "breakthrough" of the 700 F isotherm at the producing. well, assuming constant injection parameters. Retorting rates for bounded systems are higher than the analogous unbounded systems and likewise AOR's are less. The use of an alternating injection-soak routine with high injection rates is less efficient than continuous injection at lower rates. These results indicate that injection temperatures on the order of 2000 F or greater may give theoretical AOR's in the economic range. Introduction Over half of the known oil shale reserves are located in the U.S., and most of them lie in the Piceance Creek basin of Western Colorado. The Colorado oil shale outcrops on the edges of the Piceance Greek Basin. At the outcrops the shale beds are relatively thin, from 25 to 50 ft thick. In the center of the basin the oil shale is as great as 2,000 ft thick and is covered with 1,000 ft of overburden. It has been estimated that there are over 1,000 billion bbl of oil in shales having an oil content over 15 gal/ton in this basin. Oil shale does not contain free oil but an organic matter called kerogen. Kerogen yields petroleum hydrocarbons by destructive distillation. It must be heated to approximately 700 F, at which temperature it decomposes into shale oil, gases and coke. The U.S. Bureau of Mines and, more recently, oil companies have conducted considerable research on surface retorting methods to economically recover oil from this shale. Another approach to exploit the oil shale deposits, in particular that portion having 1,000 ft of overburden, is to retort the oil shale in place and produce the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons through wells drilled into the shale. Some research has been done on this approach. There are several variations to the in situ retorting approach. These variations fall into one of two groups, depending upon the geometry of the system:retorting in a highly fractured or broken up matrix;retorting from single fractures between production and injection wells. The latter is the group studied. Several investigators, using various assumptions, have studied flow of heat through horizontal systems. The objective of this work was to make a heat transfer study of in situ retorting oil shale by hot gas injection through wells interconnected by single vertical fractures of finite height. The oil shale thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and retorting endothermic heat losses were considered to be functions of temperature. SPEJ P. 231ˆ

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Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 88%

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A Feasibility Study of an In Situ Retorting Process for Oil Shale

Barnes¹,

Rowe²

1968

Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal

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Chemistry and general applications of thermoset resins

Ratna¹

2022

Recent Advances and Applications of Thermoset Resins

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Elastomeric polyamide biomaterials with stereochemically tuneable mechanical properties and shape memory

Worch

Weems

et al. 2020

Nat Commun

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Biocompatible polymers are widely used in tissue engineering and biomedical device applications. However, few biomaterials are suitable for use as long-term implants and these examples usually possess limited property scope, can be difficult to process, and are nonresponsive to external stimuli. Here, we report a class of easily processable polyamides with stereocontrolled mechanical properties and high-fidelity shape memory behaviour. We synthesise these materials using the efficient nucleophilic thiol-yne reaction between a dipropiolamide and dithiol to yield an α,β − unsaturated carbonyl moiety along the polymer backbone. By rationally exploiting reaction conditions, the alkene stereochemistry is modulated between 35-82% cis content and the stereochemistry dictates the bulk material properties such as tensile strength, modulus, and glass transition. Further access to materials possessing a broader range of thermal and mechanical properties is accomplished by polymerising a variety of commercially available dithiols with the dipropiolamide monomer.

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Pipeline Gas from Oil Shale by Direct Hydrogasification

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

A Feasibility Study of an In Situ Retorting Process for Oil Shale

A Feasibility Study of an In Situ Retorting Process for Oil Shale

Chemistry and general applications of thermoset resins

Elastomeric polyamide biomaterials with stereochemically tuneable mechanical properties and shape memory

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