Pioneers in infection control: John Snow, Henry Whitehead, the Broad Street pump, and the beginnings of geographical epidemiology

Newsom, S.W.B.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.05.020

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The original version of CARD (6) used the Generic Model Organism Database's Chado data schema (18) for data storage and curation, but this has now been replaced with the custom Broad Street relational schema, named for the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak and pioneering epidemiological efforts of Dr John Snow (19). Derived from Chado, Broad Street was introduced to be simple, lightweight, and to focus on ontologies and detection models.…”

Section: Expansion Of Cardmentioning

confidence: 99%

CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database

et al. 2016

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The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca) is a manually curated resource containing high quality reference data on the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with an emphasis on the genes, proteins and mutations involved in AMR. CARD is ontologically structured, model centric, and spans the breadth of AMR drug classes and resistance mechanisms, including intrinsic, mutation-driven and acquired resistance. It is built upon the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), a custom built, interconnected and hierarchical controlled vocabulary allowing advanced data sharing and organization. Its design allows the development of novel genome analysis tools, such as the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) for resistome prediction from raw genome sequence. Recent improvements include extensive curation of additional reference sequences and mutations, development of a unique Model Ontology and accompanying AMR detection models to power sequence analysis, new visualization tools, and expansion of the RGI for detection of emergent AMR threats. CARD curation is updated monthly based on an interplay of manual literature curation, computational text mining, and genome analysis.

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Section: Expansion Of Cardmentioning

confidence: 99%

CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database

et al. 2016

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“…William Farr was a bureaucrat and statistician who kept the records in the Ministry of Health, such as it was at that time. 13 It was the combination of these several individuals that gave momentum and closure to what we now call the London case study in epidemiology and community intervention, a milestone and benchmark for public health reform 12 and for the importance of practice-based and community-based evidence. 14,15 Alternatives to and enhancements of RCT The prevailing standard of evidence is the RCT, but this has its limitations in community-based programs.…”

Section: The Broad Street Pump Storymentioning

confidence: 99%

Closing the chasm between research and practice: evidence of and for change

Green

2014

Health Prom J of Aust

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The usual remedy suggested for bridging the science-to-practice gap is to improve the efficiency of disseminating the evidencebased practices to practitioners. This reflection on the gap takes the position that it is the relevance and fit of the evidence with the majority of practices that limit its applicability and application in health promotion and related behavioural, community and population-level interventions where variations in context, values and norms make uniform interventions inappropriate. To make the evidence more relevant and actionable to practice settings and populations will require reforms at many points in the research-to-practice pipeline. These points in the pipeline are described and remedies for them suggested.

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“…The Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and other ancients had perfected many water supply, hygiene, and sanitation practices (el Gamili et al 2001; Koutsoyiannis et al 2008). In modern times, John Snow (the “father of epidemiology”) and Henry Whitehead pioneered the understanding of the causes of water-related disease transmission (Newsom 2006). Many disciplines have significant interests in water management and disease control, including those concerned with natural and physical processes (e.g., ecology and engineering), human dimensions (sociocultural and economic/political); and health outcomes (e.g., biology, ecology, epidemiology, parasitology).…”

Section: Approaches To Water-related Infectious Disease Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Control of Water-Related Infectious Diseases: A Review and Proposal for Interdisciplinary Health-Based Systems Research

Batterman¹,

Eisenberg²,

Hardin³

et al. 2009

Environ Health Perspect

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ObjectiveEven when initially successful, many interventions aimed at reducing the toll of water-related infectious disease have not been sustainable over longer periods of time. Here we review historical practices in water-related infectious disease research and propose an interdisciplinary public health oriented systems approach to research and intervention design.Data sourcesOn the basis of the literature and the authors’ experiences, we summarize contributions from key disciplines and identify common problems and trends. Practices in developing countries, where the disease burden is the most severe, are emphasized.Data extractionWe define waterborne and water-associated vectorborne diseases and identify disciplinary themes and conceptual needs by drawing from ecologic, anthropologic, engineering, political/economic, and public health fields. A case study examines one of the classes of water-related infectious disease.Data synthesisThe limited success in designing sustainable interventions is attributable to factors that include the complexity and interactions among the social, ecologic, engineering, political/economic, and public health domains; incomplete data; a lack of relevant indicators; and most important, an inadequate understanding of the proximal and distal factors that cause water-related infectious disease. Fundamental change is needed for research on water-related infectious diseases, and we advocate a systems approach framework using an ongoing evidence-based health outcomes focus with an extended time horizon. The examples and case study in the review show many opportunities for interdisciplinary collaborations, data fusion techniques, and other advances.ConclusionsThe proposed framework will facilitate research by addressing the complexity and divergent scales of problems and by engaging scientists in the disciplines needed to tackle these difficult problems. Such research can enhance the prevention and control of water-related infectious diseases in a manner that is sustainable and focused on public health outcomes.

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Pioneers in infection control: John Snow, Henry Whitehead, the Broad Street pump, and the beginnings of geographical epidemiology

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database

CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database

Closing the chasm between research and practice: evidence of and for change

Sustainable Control of Water-Related Infectious Diseases: A Review and Proposal for Interdisciplinary Health-Based Systems Research

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