English criminology. Norwood East and his contemporaries were, however, difficult for Mannheim to categorize. They were not classicists like Bentham and Beccaria who saw crime as an abstract concept and were concerned with ideas such as guilt, responsibility and punishment. Neither were they positivists like Lombroso and Ferri who repudiated metaphysical speculations, based their views on observable facts and social laws, and divorced science and law from morals.How did Norwood East contribute to the development of criminology and psychiatry? Garland (1988) argues convincingly for placing him in the conservative school. This movement eschewed Lombrosian notions of criminal anthropology, which were supported for a time by Maudsley and more consistently by Ellis, and heralded the emergence of British criminology from its origins in penal medicine. In what has been described as an attempt by the Downloaded by [University of Strathclyde] at 09:25