PINTURA E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DOS OSSOS DO CRÂNIO DO BICHO-PREGUIÇA Bradypus variegatus (SCHINZ, 1825) COMO RECURSO DE ENSINO DA ANATOMIA VETERINÁRIA

Abstract

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The lumbosacral plexus in two Didelphis species (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia): origin and nerve distribution

“…This more cranial projection of the lumbosacral plexus origin was due to the greater range of abduction of didelphids with scansorial locomotor habits, emphasized by the shape of the femoral head, which is more hemispherical in proximal view (Argot, 2002). However, there is a correlation between animals with prehensile tail and the origin of the most cranial lumbosacral plexus, as in the Didelphis in this study and species of the superorder Xenarthra (Cardoso et al, 2013;Cruz et al, 2014;Silva, 2017). Despite having evolved independently of these eutherians, the similarities observed in this study may correspond to homoplasy.…”

“…In paca (Tonini et al, 2014) the obturator nerve was formed exclusively from L6. However, the obturator nerve had the same origin as the femoral nerve in most cases, as described by König and Liebich (2021), Dyce et al (2019), crested porcupine (Aydin, 2009), red squirrel (Aydin, 2010), chinchilla (Martinez-Pereira and Rickes, 2011), lesser anteater (Cardoso et al, 2013), giant anteater (Cruz et al, 2014), yellow-toothed cavy (Oliveira et al, 2014), coati (Silva, 2014), Mongolian gerbil (Araújo-Júnior et al, 2016, agouti (Oliveira et al, 2016) and brown-throated three-toed sloth (Silva, 2017). In the rock cavy (Lacerda et al, 2006), the obturator nerve originated from the L5, L6 and L7 or L6 and L7 branches.…”

“…Animals with seven lumbar vertebrae, such as the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) (Araújo-Júnior et al, 2016) presented more cranial formation in L3; the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758) (Aydin, 2010) and paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) (Tonini et al, 2014) in L4; and the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris Wied-Neuwied, 1820) (Lacerda et al, 2006), yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) (Oliveira et al, 2014) and agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Oliveira et al, 2016) in L5. Other species of eutherian mammals showed more cranial formation than Didelphis, such as the xenarthran giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) (Cruz et al, 2014) with origin in T16, lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla Linnaeus, 1758) (Cardoso et al, 2013) in T18 and brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) (Silva, 2017) from L1. The same occurred to the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758) (Aydin, 2009) in L2.…”

“…The double contribution of ventral spinal branches was also observed at L2 and L3 for crested porcupine (Aydin, 2009); L4 and L5 for red squirrel (Aydin, 2010) and chinchilla (Martinez-Pereira and Rickes, 2011); and by L5 and L6 in the rock cavy (Lacerda et al, 2006, Oliveira et al, 2011, yellowtoothed cavy (Oliveira et al, 2014) and paca (Tonini et al, 2014). In the giant anteater, the femoral nerve received three contributions from the ventral branches, L1, L2 and L3 (Souza, 2012) or from T16, L1 and L2 (Cruz et al, 2014); as well as in brown-throated three-toed sloth (Silva, 2017) from L1, L2 and L3; agouti (Oliveira et al, 2016) from L5, L6 and L7; and the lesser anteater (Cardoso et al, 2013) with four, T18, L1, L2 and L3.…”

“…In this study, the formation of the lumbosacral plexus consisting of the femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal and caudal gluteal nerves will be considered, as these are of greater relevance for locomotion (Lacerda et al, 2006;Aydin, 2009;Aydin, 2010;Cardoso et al, 2013;Cruz et al, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2014;Tonini et al, 2014;Araújo-Júnior et al, 2016;Oliveira et al, 2016;Senos et al, 2016;Silva, 2017;Dyce et al, 2019;König and Liebich, 2021;De Oliveira et al, 2023). In addition, the pudendal nerve was included because it is associated with the lumbosacral trunk and innervates the perineal muscles.…”