Pinnatoxins and spirolides in Norwegian blue mussels and seawater

Rundberget, Thomas; Aasen, John A.B.; Selwood, Andrew I.; Miles, Christopher O.

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.008

Cited by 78 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Subsequently, various spirolide analogues have been isolated and structurally characterized from A. ostenfeldii (Aasen et al, 2005;MacKinnon et al, 2006a;Roach et al, 2009;Ciminiello et al, 2010). Several unknown analogues have also been described together with known spirolides (Sleno et al, 2004;Almandoz et al, 2014;Tillmann et al, 2014;Rundberget et al, 2011). Certain A. ostenfeldii isolates may produce both spirolides and gymnodimines (Van Wagoner et al, 2011;Van de Waal et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

Harju

Koskela

Kremp

et al. 2016

Toxicon

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a b s t r a c tGymnodimines are lipophilic toxins produced by the marine dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Currently four gymnodimine analogues are known and characterized. Here we describe a novel gymnodimine and a range of gymnodimine related compounds found in an A. ostenfeldii isolate from the northern Baltic Sea. Gymnodimine D (1) was extracted and purified from clonal cultures, and characterized by liquid chromatographyetandem mass spectrometry (LCeMS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatographyehigh resolution mass spectrometry (LC eHRMS) experiments. The structure of 1 is related to known gymnodimines (2e5) with a six-membered cyclic imine ring and several other fragments typical of gymnodimines. However, the carbon chain in the gymnodimine macrocyclic ring differs from the known gymnodimines in having two tetrahydrofuran rings in the macrocyclic ring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

Harju

Koskela

Kremp

et al. 2016

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“…Pinnatoxins EÁG were detected in shellfish from northern New Zealand and South Australia (McNabb et al 2008;Selwood et al 2010). The discovery of pinnatoxin G in Norwegian and Canadian mussels suggested an international distribution of this toxin (Rundberget et al 2011;McCarron et al 2012). Pinnatoxins have been circumstantially linked to shellfish poisoning events but have not proven to be toxic to humans, although they are toxic to mice Rhodes et al 2011a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first report ofVulcanodinium rugosum(Dinophyceae) from the South China Sea with a focus on the life cycle

Zeng

Smith

et al. 2012

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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An individual non-motile (NM) cell was isolated from a surface sediment sample collected in Guangxi, China and subsequently established as a dinoflagellate strain in culture. The motile cells are 22.5Á32.5 mm long and 20.0Á30.0 mm wide, with a plate formula of Po, X, 4?, 3a, 7ƒ, 6c, 5(?)s, 5ƒ?, 2ƒƒ, fitting the description of Vulcanodinium rugosum. The Chinese strain shares 99.8%, 97.4% and 96.7% similarity (LSU sequence) with those from Australasia, France and Japan. Asexual division of V. rugosum takes place either in the thecate motile stage or within a NM division cell. Motile cells divided by binary fission inside the parent cell and transformed to NM division cells within 24 h. The NM cell underwent one to three consecutive divisions within the parent wall. The divisions were not always synchronous and neither was the release of motile cells from the NM cells. It generally took 4 to 6 days for the NM cells to complete one division. NM cells survived for 1 month at 4 8C in the dark, suggesting that they might play an important role in species dispersal. A novel pinnatoxin was detected at 20 pg cell(1 and no other known pinnatoxins (AÁG) were detected.

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“…The situation is complicated further by the fact that shellfish may be contaminated at the same time by several phycotoxins from the same or distinct toxin family groups. 121 To assess CI toxicity, most studies to date have been performed in rodents using mouse and rat bioassays, with toxins extracted either from cultured dinoflagellates, or from contaminated bivalves. Therefore, current knowledge on acute toxicities has been very much dependent on the performance of methods used for CI toxin extraction, even though in most cases chemically characterized and purified toxins have been used.…”

Section: Seafood Contamination and Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins

et al. 2015

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From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.

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Pinnatoxins and spirolides in Norwegian blue mussels and seawater

Cited by 78 publications

References 32 publications

Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

The first report ofVulcanodinium rugosum(Dinophyceae) from the South China Sea with a focus on the life cycle

Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins

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