Pine Pitch Canker and Insects: Relationships and Implications for Disease Spread in Europe

Fernández, Mercedes; Naves, Pedro; Witzell, Johanna; Musolin, Dmitry L.; Селиховкин, А. В.; Paraschiv, Marius; Chira, D.; Martínez‐Álvarez, Pablo; Martín‐García, Jorge; Muñoz‐Adalia, Emigdio Jordán; Altunisik, Aliye; Cocuzza, G; Silvestro, Silvia Di; Zamora, Cristina

doi:10.3390/f10080627

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(173 reference statements)

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“…Eliminating the importation of infested soil and plant trays/containers is also of crucial importance in controlling the spread of PPC. A number of recent reviews have addressed the issues of best practice for sampling for PPC [279], the role of insects in the spread of PPC [43], and environmentally-friendly control methods for the disease [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many demonstrated associations between F. circinatum and insects (vectors, carriers, etc.) [43]. Since F. circinatum colonizes herbaceous hosts and sometimes even the pine seedlings with an endophytic behavior, it has been speculated that weeds might be an inoculum reservoir [240].…”

Section: Pathogens Potentially Co-occurring With Fusarium Circinatum In Pine Nurseriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spatial spread of the inoculum was noted to be successful to a distance more than 200 m [41] and up to a distance of 1000 m downwind [42], but not much more, which indicates a limited dispersal ability. Numerous insect species that commonly occur in pine nurseries and forests throughout Europe and elsewhere have the potential to spread PPC as either vectors, carriers, or wounding agents; however, to date, most of the evidence is circumstantial and ambiguous [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe

Elvira‐Recuenco

Cacciola

Sanz-Ros

et al. 2019

Forests

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Pines are major components of native forests and plantations in Europe, where they have both economic significance and an important ecological role. Diseases of pines are mainly caused by fungal and oomycete pathogens, and can significantly reduce the survival, vigor, and yield of both individual trees and entire stands or plantations. Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), is among the most devastating pine diseases in the world, and is an example of an emergent invasive disease in Europe. The effects of microbial interactions on plant health, as well as the possible roles plant microbiomes may have in disease expression, have been the focus of several recent studies. Here, we describe the possible effects of co-infection with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes with F. circinatum on the health of pine seedlings and mature plants, in an attempt to expand our understanding of the role that biotic interactions may play in the future of PPC disease in European nurseries and forests. The available information on pine pathogens that are able to co-occur with F. circinatum in Europe is here reviewed and interpreted to theoretically predict the effects of such co-occurrences on pine survival, growth, and yield. Beside the awareness that F. circinatum may co-occurr on pines with other pathogens, an additional outcome from this review is an updating of the literature, including the so-called grey literature, to document the geographical distribution of the relevant pathogens and to facilitate differential diagnoses, particularly in nurseries, where some of them may cause symptoms similar to those induced by F. circinatum. An early and accurate diagnosis of F. circinatum, a pathogen that has been recently introduced and that is currently regulated in Europe, is essential to prevent its introduction and spread in plantings and forests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogens Potentially Co-occurring With Fusarium Circinatum In Pine Nurseriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe

Elvira‐Recuenco

Cacciola

Sanz-Ros

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…Many other insects (e.g., shoot and foliage feeders, bark beetles, wood and root borers, suckers and predators) have also been recognized as potential carriers or vectors of PPC in European and non-European countries [98][99][100].…”

Section: Disease Vectoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strategies such as the elimination of coarse woody debris colonized by insects before their emergence or the avoidance of storage of freshly cut logs in forests have shown effective results [156][157][158]. Recently, literature-based recommendations in the management of insect vectors of PPC have been compiled by Fernández-Fernández et al [98,99]. In international trade, the suppression of the long-distance spread of potential insect vectors implicates the debarking of conifer wood destined for packaging material [159].…”

Section: Management Of Insect Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pine Pitch Canker (PPC): Pathways of Pathogen Spread and Preventive Measures

Zamora-Ballesteros

Martín‐García

Witzell

et al. 2019

Forests

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Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell) is the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) disease, one of the most devastating forest diseases worldwide. Long-distance spread occurs mainly through the movement of infected seeds whereas at regional level, the movement of seedlings, substrates, or containers may play an important role in fungal dispersal. Invasion of nurseries takes place via infected seeds and further spread can occur by planting contaminated seedlings, especially due to the possibility of infected plants remaining symptomless. Once established, F. circinatum spreads by rain, wind, and insects. The natural spread of the pathogen is limited due to the short dispersal distances of the spores and the fairly short flight distances of disseminating insects. In this review, we summarize the currently known dispersal pathways of the pathogen, discussing both natural and human-assisted processes. With the purpose of understanding how to best intervene in the disease’s development in nurseries and forests, we outline the epidemiology of the pathogen describing the key factors influencing its spread. Preventive measures to control the spread of F. circinatum locally and globally are described with special emphasis on the challenges in implementing them.

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