Pilot scale concentration of cheese whey by forward osmosis: A short-cut method for evaluating the effective pressure driving force

A review on pharmaceuticals removal from waters by single and combined biological, membrane filtration and ultrasound systems

“…For forward osmosis, rather than the application of a hydraulic pressure across the membrane, a draw solution with a high osmotic pressure compared to the feed is used on the other side of the membrane [169] . The osmotic difference between the feed and the draw solution then forces water to flow from the feed to the draw solution side without the need to apply an external hydraulic pressure.…”

“…(3) : where are the osmostic pressures of the draw solution and feed, respectively. Although FO is an attractive form of recovering water without the expensive high hydraulic pressure, this will only be viable if the low cost draw solution with high osmotic pressure are available and does not need to be regenerated to recover the water and recycled back to the system [169] , [170] .…”

The effect of composite enzyme catalysis whey protein cross‐linking on filtration performance

“…Therefore, increasing membrane recovery efficiency and obtaining functional proteins have vital significance. Currently, ultrafiltration is utilized to fractionate the protein from whey to avoid environmental pollution and waste treatment costs (Artemi et al., 2020). However, membrane fouling caused by long‐term membrane filtration operations causes a substantial problem in membrane recovery.…”