Pilot plant evaluation of advanced vs. conventional scale inhibitors for RO desalination

Butt, F.H.; Rahman, Faizur; Baduruthamal, U.

doi:10.1016/0011-9164(95)00072-0

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These additives are widely used as scale-inhibitors to prevent undesired effects associated with sparingly soluble salts (mainly sulfates and carbonates) precipitating in oil-extraction pipelines [24], industrial boilers, heat-exchangers, house-appliances or water pipes [18,23], mining and mineral processing [17], and desalination plants [15]. They are also used to delay cement [14] or gypsum plaster setting [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of well-known crystallization inhibitors and habit modifiers with extended technological and industrial uses are the families of polyphosphates and phosphates [12][13][14][15][16][17][18], carboxylates [19][20][21], polyacrylic acid derivatives [22] and benzotriazoles [23]. These additives are widely used as scale-inhibitors to prevent undesired effects associated with sparingly soluble salts (mainly sulfates and carbonates) precipitating in oil-extraction pipelines [24], industrial boilers, heat-exchangers, house-appliances or water pipes [18,23], mining and mineral processing [17], and desalination plants [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ferrocyanide ions on NaCl crystallization in porous stone

Rodríguez-Navarro

Linares-Fernández

Doehne

et al. 2002

Journal of Crystal Growth

123

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The effects of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4À ions on the crystallization of NaCl in aqueous solution has been studied, particularly in the situation where the saline fluid percolates through and evaporates from a saturated porous body (i.e., an ornamental porous limestone). In concentrations ranging from 2.48 Â 10 À4 up to 2.85 10 À3 M the additive was able to increase the solution critical supersaturation (up to 8%) resulting in a significant crystallization inhibition effect, which promoted efflorescence growth on the porous stone surface as opposed to subflorescence growth. The former induced no damage to the stone support while the latter always resulted in crystallization pressure development inside the pores, causing granular disintegration-a process also known as ''salt weathering''. Significant changes in NaCl crystal growth morphology (from {1 0 0} towards {1 1 0}, {1 1 1} and {2 1 0} forms) were observed in the presence of ferrocyanide ions, which also promoted the growth of dendrites with their main growth axis parallel to /1 1 1S, and branched along /1 0 0S, at the highest supersaturation. The possible inhibiting mechanism of ferrocyanide on NaCl crystallization and growth is discussed based on the evolution of NaCl growth morphologies, and some practical applications of ferrocyanides to prevent salt damage and enhance desalination in ornamental stones are outlined. r

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ferrocyanide ions on NaCl crystallization in porous stone

Rodríguez-Navarro

Linares-Fernández

Doehne

et al. 2002

Journal of Crystal Growth

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[21] The concentrations of the ions are three times the concentrations found in the reject brine of a reverse Osmosis plant. [22] Induction time was assigned as the time when a rapid decrease in conductivity indicated the beginning of precipitation of CaSO 4 ( Table 3). Visual inspections for any turbidity were performed.…”

Section: Potentiometric Titrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A glutamic acid-based polymer keeping intact the integrity of all the three original functionalities of the amino acid

Jamiu

Al‐Muallem

Ali

2016

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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Dimethyl glutamate, on treatment with allyl bromide, afforded dimethyl N,N-diallylglutamate which upon alkaline ester hydrolysis followed by acidification with aqueous HCl gave N,N retaining the integrity of all the three functionalities of glutamic acid. Under the influence of pH, the repeating units of triprotic acid (+) in II were equilibrated to those of water-insoluble diprotic polyzwitterionic acid (±) III, water-soluble monoprotic poly(zwitterion-anion) (±−) IV, and its conjugate base polydianion (=) V. The critical salt concentration required to promote water solubility of (±) III has been determined to be 0.548 M NaCl, 0.271 M NaBr, 0.133 M NaI. The basicity constants of the carboxyl groups and trivalent nitrogen in (=) V have been determined. A 5 ppm and 20 ppm concentrations of III are effective in inhibiting the precipitation of CaSO 4 from its supersaturated solution with a ≈100% scale inhibition efficiency at 40 °C for a duration of over 3 and 16 h, respectively.

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“…However, currently, there is no satisfactory laboratory test for characterization of the threshold limits of scaling and for confident selection of the most cost effective chemical additives. The only reliable technique involves time consuming pilot plant tests [2].…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developing an assessment tool The raw water fed to a reverse osmosis (RO) desalting system usually contains sparingly soluble salts such as (Ca) 3 (PO4) 2 , CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 and silica. As purified water permeates through the membrane, the concentration of the dissolved species is continuously increased.…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic analysis of RO desalting treated wastewater

et al. 2008

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Diagnostic analysis of reverse osmosis membranes that are fed with Western Treatment Plant (WTP) recycled water was investigated by both thermodynamic calculations and laboratory experiments, in order to predict the feasibility of RO desalting for WTP. The thermodynamic calculations suggested that RO recoveries of 80-85% were feasible with careful control of feed water pH and the use of chemical additives such as antiscalants and chelating agents, it also predicted the major minerals of concern to be silica, calcium fluoride, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate. Following the thermodynamic simulations, diagnostic laboratory experiments were undertaken. The experiments showed that the major contributor to scale formation was indeed calcium phosphate and possibly another calcium based compound, which was strongly suspected to be calcium carbonate. Based on previously published literature that indicated antiscalants did not substantially decrease the scaling effect of calcium phosphate and laboratory tests that indicated controlling the pH to 6.4 in the feed water dramatically reduced scaling formation, it was suggested that the feed water could be controlled by pH adjustments only. Inter-stage pH correction was suggested as an optional technique to enhance the overall water recovery to above 95%.

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Pilot plant evaluation of advanced vs. conventional scale inhibitors for RO desalination

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of ferrocyanide ions on NaCl crystallization in porous stone

Effects of ferrocyanide ions on NaCl crystallization in porous stone

A glutamic acid-based polymer keeping intact the integrity of all the three original functionalities of the amino acid

Diagnostic analysis of RO desalting treated wastewater

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