“…to validate a corneal epithelium (CE) evaluation pipeline using a custom smartphone attachment and CNNs. 33 The results showed that the smartphone-based CE evaluation tool in calculating areas of CE disruption had qualitative concordance with those revealed by fluorescein staining slit-lamp photos graded by two clinicians. Apart from AI models, it should be noted that specialized equipment like slit-lamp is still necessary for smartphone-based anterior segment imaging and the smartphone camera is in need of a short focus distance to scan the ocular surface and high resolutions to capture the images.…”