Pigment Surface Treatments: 20th and 21st Century Industrial Techniques and Strategies for their Detection

Gomes, Carolina Salis; Ferreira, Cátia; Rossenaar, Brenda D.; Joosten, Ineke; Werf, Inez Dorothé van der; Carlyle, Leslie; Berg, Klaas Jan van den

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19254-9_3

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Pigments are typically subject to surface treatments, coating and encapsulation during synthesis or post-synthesis aiming at inhibiting crystal growth (Fisher 1950 ), decreasing powder cohesion and enhancing pigment dispersibility (Schröder 1988 ) and providing higher affinity with selected interfaces, such liquids or for binders (Bieleman 2000 ). Among pigments, Cu-phthalocyanine-based ones are considered among the most treated ones (Salis-Gomes et al 2019 ). Silicon dioxide, siloxanes (polymers or as oligomers) and organo-functional silane are listed among possible coatings (Bugnon 1995 ), which can also act as antifoaming agents.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In pyrolyzed samples, the presence of thiophene derivatives (brominated) is evidenced. Sulfur can be found in phthalocyanine-based pigments as the outcome of a sulphonation process, aimed at improving the dispersibility (Salis-Gomes et al 2019 ). In these regards, it must be noted that the pyrolysis experiments were performed on pigments PG7 and PG36 from a different supplier (Kremer Pigmente GmbH) (Fardi et al 2018 ; Germinario et al 2015 ) which can account for such a treatment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser vs. thermal treatments of green pigment PG36: coincidence and toxicity of processes

et al. 2021

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Comparative laser and thermal treatments were carried out on PG36, a green phthalocyanine-based pigment, permitted in European countries where legislation on tattoo composition was issued. Prior to the treatments, PG36 was characterized by SEM imaging, EDX, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopies, revealing an excess of Si and C and O as compared to the pure halogenated Cu-phthalocyanine. Laser treatments were carried out with a Nd:YAG device applied to H2O and propan-2-ol dispersions. Pyrolysis and calcinations were carried out in air or under N2 flow. The outcome of the different procedures was analyzed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, GC–mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction of the solid residues, SEM microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The comparative analysis indicated the production of different fragment compounds depending on the treatment, (pyrolysis or laser), and, to some extent, to the solvent of the dispersion, with pyrolysis generating a larger number of hazardous compounds. Hydrocarbons and cyclic siloxanes present as additives in PG36 were stable or degraded depending on the treatment. The morphology of the products is also treatment-dependent with nanoparticles < 20 nm and fibers being produced upon laser treatments only. Based on the experimental findings, the equivalence of laser and thermal treatments is evaluated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%