Pigment Compendium: Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments

Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey D.; Siddall, Ruth

doi:10.4324/9780080454573

Cited by 208 publications

(458 citation statements)

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“…Fortunately, the Raman spectrum of minium which has a very intense band at 121 cm −1 attributed to a ν(PbO) mode (figure 1b) is quite distinctive from the ν(HgS) mode cinnabar (figure 1c) at 253 cm −1 . In medieval times, the term minium was almost exclusively used to describe red lead [37], and it was produced by heating cerussite (lead carbonate) in air until the required colour was achieved [40,41]. (ii) Plant material…”

Section: (I) Inorganic Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript

Carter

Pérez

García

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Section: (I) Inorganic Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript

Carter

Pérez

García

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…5f) in the green sample corroborates the FTIR indications referring to a presence of green earth pigment (syn. terra verde, celadon green) which is a ferromagnesian silicate-based mineral [20]. Regarding the identification of the black paint, Figure 6 shows the analytical results of the black underlying paint located below the superficial green layer in the sample N5-green.…”

Section: Xrf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unsurprisingly, all spectra express a fraction of calcium which is mainly derived from the calcium carbonate binding matrix, but also from the Casalts (Ca-sulfate and Ca-oxalate).The iron detected in the red and yellow paints (Fig. 5a, b) implies the presence of iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) and iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH)-based pigments, such as hematite and goethite, which are principal constituents in red and yellow ochre, respectively [20]. These pigments were found to be used as pure colorants but also in mixtures for obtaining particular paint hues.…”

Section: Xrf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6b) suggested the presence of apatite-based minerals (Ca-phosphates group) [16,[20][21][22]. According to the relevant literature [20,[23][24][25], the inorganic component hydroxyapatite (Hap) (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH)) or carbonate-Hap (Ca 5 (PO 4 ,CO 3 ) 3 (OH)) is commonly present in the carbon-based black pigments of animal origin. Hence, the detection of phosphorous and phosphate group was accepted as a reasonable indicator of the presence of bone or ivory black pigments.…”

Section: Xrf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5c) and arsenic referring to cinnabar (HgS) and arsenic sulfides (Fig. 5d), which could be pigments like orpiment (As 2 S 3 ) or realgar (As 2 S 2 ) [20]. Moreover, the Mantle of Holy Mother (Fig.…”

Section: Xrf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical study of the XIV century wall painting and lime mortars in the "St. George" church in Staro Nagoričane, Republic of Macedonia

Čukovska¹,

Ivanova

Kokolanski

2017

Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng.

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This work presents the first comprehensive study of the wall painting in the "St. George" church accomplished mainly by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy using Diffuse Reflectance and Micro-Infrared method (FTIR/DRS/Micro-IR) and the other analytical techniques Optical microscopy (OM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The main research objective was characterization of the artistic palette and painting technique, but also determination of the degradation products and observed alterations to the wall painting. Additionally, the lime mortars (plaster and renders) located immediately behind the studied wall painting were analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that mainly natural/mineral pigments were used in the artwork and the majority of painting was executed in combination of fresco and lime-painting technique. The major risk factor in the painting deterioration was found to be the salt efflorescence, which mostly occurred as oxalates and sulfates.Keywords: wall painting; pigments; binders; degradation products; lime mortars ИСПИТУВАЊЕ НА ЅИДНОТО СЛИКАРСТВО И ВАРОВИТЕ МАЛТЕРИ ОД XIV ВЕК ВО ЦРКВАТА "СВ. ЃОРЃИ" ВО СТАРО НАГОРИЧАНЕ, РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈАОвој труд претставува прво опсежно испитување на ѕидното сликарство во црквата "Св. Ѓорѓи" со помош на Фуриеова трансформна инфрацрвена спектроскопија (FTIR) користејќи дифузна рефлексиона (DRS) и микро-инфрацрвена спектроскопија (Micro-IR), како и со примена на оптичка микроскопија (ОМ), рендгенска флуоресценција (XRF), рендгенска дифракција (XRD) и масена спектрометрија со индуктивно спрегната плазма (ICP-MS). Главна цел на испитувањата беше карактеризација на уметничката палета и сликарската техника, но и одредување на настанатите промени и деградациони продукти на ѕидното сликарство. Во овој труд е претставена и анализата на варовите малтери коишто се употребени во сликарската подлога и во носечката конструкција на ѕидното сликарство. Аналитичките резултати посочија дека во ѕидното сликарство се употребени земјени/минерални пигменти применувајќи комбинација на фреско и варова техника на сликање. Главен причинител на деструкцијата на сликарството е солната ефлоресценција која главно е образувана од оксалатни и сулфатни соли.Клучни зборови: ѕидно сликарство; пигменти; врзива; деградациони продукти; варови малтери L. Robeva-Čukovska, T. Šijakova-Ivanova, Ž. Kokolanski Maced.

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Plumbonacrite Identified by X‐ray Powder Diffraction Tomography as a Missing Link during Degradation of Red Lead in a Van Gogh Painting

2015

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Red lead, a semiconductor pigment used by artists since antiquity, is known to undergo several discoloration phenomena. These transformations are either described as darkening of the pigment caused by the formation of either plattnerite (b-PbO 2 ) or galena (PbS) or as whitening by which red lead is converted into anglesite (PbSO 4 ) or (hydro)cerussite (2 PbCO 3 ·Pb(OH) 2 ; PbCO 3 ). X-ray powder diffraction tomography, a powerful analytical method that allows visualization of the internal distribution of different crystalline compounds in complex samples, was used to investigate a microscopic paint sample from a Van Gogh painting. A very rare lead mineral, plumbonacrite (3 PbCO 3 · Pb(OH) 2 ·PbO), was revealed to be present. This is the first reported occurrence of this compound in a painting dating from before the mid 20th century. It constitutes the missing link between on the one hand the photoinduced reduction of red lead and on the other hand (hydro)cerussite, and thus sheds new light on the whitening of red lead.

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Pigment Compendium: Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments

Cited by 208 publications

References 0 publications

Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript

Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript

Analytical study of the XIV century wall painting and lime mortars in the "St. George" church in Staro Nagoričane, Republic of Macedonia

Plumbonacrite Identified by X‐ray Powder Diffraction Tomography as a Missing Link during Degradation of Red Lead in a Van Gogh Painting

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