Pigment Compendium

Eastaugh, Nicholas

doi:10.4324/9780080943596

Cited by 264 publications

(149 citation statements)

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“…[11] Cyprus green earth (celadonite is geologically associated to basaltic rocks) was used in works of art since antiquity. [52] In these cases, the bands at 272-276 cm À1 and the sharp feature at 3560 support the identification. [8,11,26] Moreover, in the case of the Cyprian green earth, a feature at 970 cm À1 is also visible, which is only present in celadonite.…”

Section: Glauconitementioning

confidence: 58%

“…The green basic carbonate malachite is described in treatises already in the Roman times, [42] and the term 'chrysocolla' seems to have been used as a synonym for that [51] (see the next paragraph for more details). It is also widely found in works of art from various cultures, from the Egyptians [52] to 19 th century artists. [53] A list of findings is reported in literature, [51] as well as of its Raman identification.…”

Section: Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[71][72][73] These bright green copper containing minerals have been identified in cultural heritage objects. [17,52] Other Cu containing phosphates are sampleite (NaCaCu 5 (PO 4 ) 4 Cl · 5H 2 O) [74] and veszelyite ((Cu,Zn) 2 ZnPO 4 (OH) 3 · 2(H 2 O)). [75] Raman spectra of libethenite acquired with different laser wavelengths are published in literature (780 nm, [64] 633 nm, [71,72] 532 nm, [64] 514 nm [64,76] ), and show good agreement with our sample measured with the 532-nm laser (Fig.…”

Section: Phosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[39] This also means that the two minerals do not occur together. [52] However, the associated minerals are common (quartz, clays, calcite, iron oxides, feldspars, anatase) and are therefore not useful for discrimination. [8,10] Additional green clay-like materials can be referred to as green earths.…”

Section: Chloridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some copper containing green pigments are also artificial products, prepared according to various recipes. [52,94,95] All the treatises require the exposition of copper plates to different acidic media (urine, acetic acid, etc.) with a variety of additives (salt, honey, etc.)…”

Section: Synthetic Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research

Coccato

Bersani

Coudray

et al. 2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the characterization of materials and is of valuable use in archaeometrical research in general. Green compounds of natural or synthetic origin are found in many research areas, ranging from mineralogy, to pigment identification, to corrosion studies. However, a detailed and comprehensive database of spectra and references is still missing in the literature. This paper provides both, a literature review and downloadable Raman spectra of reference products, to the researcher dealing with green materials in cultural heritage. Moreover, it tackles nomenclature issues. The collected spectra are discussed in relation to the preliminary/commercial identification of the material itself and to the published data. Practical aspects regarding the laser wavelength selection are also discussed with regards to the comparison to published reference spectra. The range of studied green materials is wide and encompasses Cu containing compounds (natural and synthetic, more or less known as pigments or degradation products, including polymorphs of the same formula), Fe based (green earths and synthetic organic pigments), modern Cr and Co green pigments. This approach is illustrated by analysing a cross section of a green zone of the Early Netherlandish panel painting ‘Ghent Altarpiece’ by the Van Eyck brothers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Glauconitementioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chloridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthetic Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research

Coccato

Bersani

Coudray

et al. 2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Optical Microscopy

Figueiredo

2018

The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences

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Optical microscopy is one of the most recurrent, widespread, and oldest examination techniques used in scientific investigation, and of frequent use in the research of archaeological materials. It is based on a microscope that uses light and a system of lenses for the examination of samples. It is capable of magnifying small areas, resulting in the examination of the (micro) constituents and structure of the materials. Most optical microscopes can provide images with magnifications from 50× to 1,000×. An optical microscope can take various configurations, each one with specific advantages for different types of materials. Transmitted light optical microscopy is frequently used for observation of thin sections of semitransparent materials such as ceramics and petrographic samples. Reflected light microscopy is mainly used for opaque materials such as metals. The use of polarized light has advantages in the identification of minerals through their colors.

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Pigments and Binders

Colombini¹,

Degano²

2018

The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences

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Pigments and binders include several natural and synthetic materials which have been used since pre‐history to produce a variety of colored artworks and textiles. Binders are used in paintings to disperse pigments. They include inorganic materials (e.g., in frescoes , water is the pigment vehicle; however, plaster is the ultimate binder) and organic materials (natural ones, such as proteins, siccative oils; or synthetic ones, such as acrylic, vinylic, alkydic). Characterizing the binding medium is fundamental in assessing the painting technique and addressing conservation issues, in order to devise the optimal restoration and/or display strategy. In addition, knowledge of an artist's palette facilitates a complete understanding of their work. These materials are usually characterized starting with an array of noninvasive imaging techniques, followed by the application of micro‐invasive (both destructive and not) protocols based on chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.

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Pigment Compendium

Cited by 264 publications

References 0 publications

Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research

Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research

Optical Microscopy

Pigments and Binders

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