Piezoelectric tip-sample distance control for near field optical microscopes

Karraï, K.; Grober, Robert D.

doi:10.1063/1.113340

Cited by 925 publications

(628 citation statements)

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“…Here, it is demonstrated that quartz tuning forks 6 which are produced by the millions annually mainly for frequency normals in the watch industry can be used as force sensors for AFMs or profilometers. Güethner et al 7 have used tuning forks as a force sensor in acoustic near field microscopy and Karrai et al 8 have used a tuning fork to control the distance between the optical fiber and the surface in a scanning near-field-optical microscope. Recently, Edwards et al 9 have demonstrated a faster mode using a phase-locked-loop detector.…”

Section: ͓S0003-6951͑98͒00152-1͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork

Giessibl

1998

Applied Physics Letters

559

449

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Force sensors are key elements of atomic force microscopes and surface profilometers. Sensors with an integrated deflection meter are particularly desirable. Here, quartz tuning forks as used in watches are utilized as force sensors. A novel technique is employed which simplifies the interpretation of the data and increases the imaging speed by at least one order of magnitude compared to previous implementations. The variation of the imaging signal with distance fits well to a Hertzian contact model. Images of compact discs and calibration gratings, which have been obtained with scanning speeds up to 230 μm/s, are presented.

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Section: ͓S0003-6951͑98͒00152-1͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork

Giessibl

1998

Applied Physics Letters

559

449

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“…The beam is expanded to overfill the back aperture of a high numerical aperture objective ðNA ¼ 1:3Þ: The objective is focused on a glass cover slip. Electrochemically etched gold tips are positioned to a few nanometer above a glass substrate by means of shear-force regulation [11]. The tip can be moved laterally with a piezo-electric ceramic tube into a region of strong longitudinal field.…”

Section: Description Of the Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of field-enhanced near-field optical microscopy

2004

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Metal nanostructures such as sharp tips can enhance emission yields through shape-induced local field enhancement. The enhancement originates from two mechanisms: surface plasmons and electrostatic lightening rod effects. We present fluorescence imaging using the strong local field created at the apex of a gold tip and demonstrate optical resolution of 25 nm: The enhancement effect gives also rise to photoemission from the tip itself. Measured spectra of the tip emission show a broad band continuum together with a second-harmonic peak. Both continuum and secondharmonic are confined at the apex of the tip. We find that, depending on the spectral position, the photoluminescence originates either from intraband or from interband transitions. The nonlinear response can be described by a single dipole oscillating at the second-harmonic frequency and oriented along the tip axis. These unique properties can be used to map focal fields distributions. r

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“…29 The samples studied are HiPCO nanotubes, DNA-wrapped HiPCO nanotubes spincoated on glass, and (6,5) enriched DNA-wrapped CoMoCAT SWNTs spin-coated on a freshly cleaved thin mica layer glued on a glass cover slide. CoMoCAT SWNTs were sorted by using discriminating surfactants and wrapped by DNA after sorting.…”

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Visualizing the Local Optical Response of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes to DNA-Wrapping

et al. 2008

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We studied the local optical response of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes to wrapping by DNA segments using high resolution tip-enhanced near-field microscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) near-field images of single nanotubes reveal large DNA-wrapping-induced red shifts of the exciton energy that are two times higher than indicated by spatially averaging confocal microscopy. Near-field PL spectra taken along nanotubes feature two distinct PL bands resulting from DNA-wrapped and unwrapped nanotube segments. The transition between the two energy levels occurs on a length scale smaller than our spatial resolution of about 15 nm.Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as photoluminescent quasi-one-dimensional systems have attracted enormous scientific interest and have large potential for various applications in photonics and opto-and nanoelectronics. 1-3 Photoluminescence (PL) of nanotubes results from exciton recombination and occurs in the near-infrared spectral range with emission energies controlled mainly by the nanotube structure (n,m). [4][5][6][7][8] Since nanotubes consist of surface atoms only, the detected emission energy is very sensitive to the nanotube environment, making them promising candidates for sensing applications. 9 At present, the influence of the environment is described by its relative dielectric constant ε influencing exciton binding energies but also renormalizing the band gap through charge carrier screening. 10-14 As a result, the emission energy of nanotubes is modulated by the dielectric constant, which can be expected to be nonuniform along nanotubes, leading to nonuniform emission energies in single nanotube measurements. 8,15,16 The use of DNA for hybridization of carbon nanotube sidewalls has facilitated sorting nanotubes and building chemical sensors. 9,[17][18][19] Single-strand DNA-wrapping introduces DNA segments with finite length, while the details of the secondary DNA structure will be determined by a complex interplay between π-π stacking interactions between DNA bases and nanotube surface as well as electrostatic interactions of the phosphate backbone. [20][21][22] The effect of helical wrapping by the charged DNA backbone was modeled by applying a helical potential causing symmetry breaking of the nanotube electronic structure and small energetic shifts for semiconducting nanotubes (0.01 meV in water). 23,24 It is well-known that DNA-wrapping red-shifts the PL energy depending on the nanotube chirality by several tens of meV compared to the values reported for micelleencapsulated nanotubes in aqueous solution, 7,25,26 which can be attributed to an increasing ε. 14 The surface coverage with DNA segments of finite length is expected to result in a nonuniform dielectric environment along the nanotubes. 25 Limited by diffraction, the PL information collected in confocal microscopy contains the optical response from a nanotube length of about 300 nm, which is far too large to clarify details of individual DNA-nanotube interactions. Tipenhanced n...

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Piezoelectric tip-sample distance control for near field optical microscopes

Cited by 925 publications

References 1 publication

High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork

High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork

Applications of field-enhanced near-field optical microscopy

Visualizing the Local Optical Response of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes to DNA-Wrapping

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