Piezoelectric PVDF films as ultrasonic transducers

Ambrosy, A.; Holdik, Karl

doi:10.1088/0022-3735/17/10/011

Cited by 66 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…To avoid excessive temperature increase in the sample, a low beam current of about 0.01 mA/ m 2 was set. The proton fluence was in the range of ͑1.19-14.8͒ ϫ 10 17 ion/ m 2 , which was converted to dose by multiplying the irradiation fluence with linear energy transfer ͓ϳ20 eV/ nm for 3 MeV proton beam irradiating on P͑VDF-TrFE͒ copolymer͔ and dividing by the copolymer density ͑ϳ1900 kg/ m 3 ͒ and finally using a conversion factor of 1 Gy equals to 6.24ϫ 10 18 eV/ kg ͑where 1 Gy= 100 rad͒. The proton dose used was calculated to be in the range of 20-250 Mrad.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, to fabricate transducers for high frequency operation, piezoelectric elements with a thickness less than 0.2 mm are required which are difficult to fabricate with conventional piezoelectric ceramics. Following the discovery of piezoelectric polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride ͑PVDF͒ and its copolymers with trifluoroethylene ͑TrFE͒, these polymers have been used as the active elements of ultrasonic transducers [10][11][12] as they have high degree of flexibility and low acoustic impedance. However, a very high electric field ͑Ͼ100 MV/ m͒ is required to elicit the piezoelectric property in the polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spherically shaped active transducer based on proton-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene 70∕30mol% copolymer

Lau

Chan

Choy

et al. 2006

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Spherically shaped active transducers using proton-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene 70/ 30 mol % copolymer films as the active elements are described. The copolymer films prepared by hot compression molding were irradiated with a high energy proton over a broad dose range ͑20-250 Mrad͒. The electrostrictive and piezoelectric responses of the copolymer have been characterized before subsequent transducer fabrication. The performances of the focused transducers constructed with a 4 mm aperture size and epoxy backing were evaluated under dc bias voltages. The transducers with focal lengths of 17.4-19.0 mm and a center frequency of 19 MHz display a broad bandwidth up to 94%. Besides, the transmitting output of the transducers increases with the dc bias voltage. For the copolymer active element irradiated at a proton dose of 107 Mrad, the transducer shows the highest transmitting voltage response of 1.34 kPa/ V.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherically shaped active transducer based on proton-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene 70∕30mol% copolymer

Lau

Chan

Choy

et al. 2006

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Also, this β-phase contains highest dipole moment per unit cell (8 × 10 −30 cm) compared to other phases [11]. γ-phase is intermediate polar and can be prepared by solution crystallization using dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylcrylamide (DMA), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [12] and by melt crystallization with high temperature and high pressure [13]. Lastly, δ-phase is produced by the transformation of non-polar α-phase by subjecting it to a high electric field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of nickel ion-doped mullite composite on electrical properties, phase behavior, and microstructure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix

et al. 2016

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Novel mullite-polymer composite films were prepared by incorporating highly crystallized nickel ion-doped mullite, which acts as filler into polyvinylidene matrix. Various analytical tools had been utilized at room temperature to study the effects of filler on microstructure, phase transformation, and electrical properties of the polymer films. X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the changes of electroactive phase in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix. Two basic factors, which affected the phase transition of the polymer, were (i) the concentration of the dopant ion into the mullite and (ii) the temperature at which doped mullite were sintered. β-phase percentage of doped polymer was found to reach optimum level for the sample doped with nickel ion at concentration of 0.8 M, when sintered at both 1100 and 1400°C. Electrical properties were studied over a wide range of frequency (from 200 Hz to 2.0 MHz). The composite film showed maximum dielectric constant of 35.77, at 200 Hz for 1.2 M concentration of nickel ion-doped mullite sintered at 1400°C, compared to 9.10, for the pure polymer. Furthermore, both dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the composite were also highly dependent upon dopant concentration inside filler and frequency of the AC field. The AC conductivity of the developed composite increased with an increase in temperature by following Jonscher's power law, while the electrical resistivity reduced accordingly. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) characterization study showed the uniform distribution of doped mullite embedded inside the polymer matrix. Moreover, the results reflected that this novel composite material is able to follow the galloping pace of development of the smaller electronic devices, which are highly indebted to the development of very small size (microlevel/ nanolevel) as well as efficient new-generation semiconductor materials.

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“…However, it is hard to selectively stimulate mechanoreceptors with the piezoceramic actuators because its vibration is useful at their resonance frequencies. Instead of piezoceramic actuators, piezopolymers and dielectric elastomers were studied for vibrotactile actuators [8][9][10]. However, these polymers are petroleum based materials which are limited by natural resources and they can melt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Array haptic actuator for flight simulator

Kim

Kafy

et al. 2015

SPIE Proceedings

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Array haptic actuator to realize texture of button for virtue flight simulator is fabricated by using cellulose acetate (CA) film. The haptic actuator has independent 3 × 3 cells for identical vibration. Each cell consists of topside CA layer and bottomside CA layer with two pillars. Two ends of topside CA layer are fixed on the pillars similar with fixed end beam. By an electrostatic force in the presence of electric field, the topside CA layer vibrates. Each cell shows its resonance frequency peak in the capable frequency range of vibrotactile feeling from 100 Hz to 500 Hz. The acceleration performance is shown to be higher than vibrotactile threshold on wide frequency band from 100 Hz to 400 Hz.

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Piezoelectric PVDF films as ultrasonic transducers

Cited by 66 publications

References 12 publications

Spherically shaped active transducer based on proton-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene 70∕30mol% copolymer

Spherically shaped active transducer based on proton-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene 70∕30mol% copolymer

Influence of nickel ion-doped mullite composite on electrical properties, phase behavior, and microstructure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix

Array haptic actuator for flight simulator

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