“…Involving changes in the retinal chromophore, the protein, and/or interactions between the two, these primary molecular events occur within femto/picoseconds of optical excitation in BR and, therefore, encompass the optically populated FranckCondon (FC) (H) and vibrationally relaxed (I) levels of the excited electronic state of BR-570 (BR*-570). In addition, the J and K photochemical intermediates, having absorption maxima near 625 nm and 590 nm, respectively, are formed within the initial 10 ps (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Transient absorption data have shown that (i) BR*-570(H) decays to BR*-570(I) in 100-200 fs (7,8), (ii) BR*-570(I) decays directly to the J intermediate within an "500-fs time constant (4)(5)(6)(7), and (iii) the J intermediate decays to form Kwith an -3.5-ps time constant (5,6,9).…”