The tertiary interactions between amide-I vibrators on the separate helices of transmembrane helix dimers were probed by ultrafast 2D vibrational photon echo spectroscopy. The 2D IR approach proves to be a useful structural method for the study of membrane-bound structures. The 27-residue human erythrocyte protein Glycophorin A transmembrane peptide sequence: KKITLIIFG79VMAGVIGTILLISWG94IKK was labeled at G79 and G94 with 13 tertiary interaction ͉ vibrational spectra ͉ multidimensional spectroscopy T wo-dimensional IR spectroscopy (1-6) is a promising new method with which to probe structures and their motions in complex systems. Recent applications of this method to biologically related molecules have yielded novel structural and dynamical results not readily obtainable by other methods for small peptides (7,8), soluble helices (9, 10), membrane-bound helices (11), lipids (12), -sheets (13, 14), and model secondary structures (15, 16). The 2D IR approach is one that can be immediately applicable to a wide variety of sample types ranging from solutions to solids, including aqueous and lipid environments. The method exposes interactions between spatially nearby vibrational modes by converting three pulse photon echo signals into 2D spectral maps in the IR, analogous to 2D NMR spectra.The amide-I vibrational bands of polypeptides are highly degenerate because, for each residue, their frequencies are approximately the same and the interactions among them are not strong enough to separately display them as individual, assignable transitions. The combination of multiple isotope selection and 2D IR spectroscopy that spreads the transitions into two dimensions proves to be a useful strategy that can simplify and expose the underlying transitions of the diffuse amide bands and allow their features to be characterized at a residue level. For example the 2D IR spectrum of a water-soluble helix selectively substituted with 13 CA 16 O and 13 CA 18 O provided characteristics of pairs of coupled residues and the visualization of the sequence dependence of the structural dynamics (17). This paper introduces a comparable approach to investigate tertiary interactions between vibrational modes in Glycophorin A (GpA), a transmembrane (TM) dimer of interacting helices (Fig. 1). The GpA TM helix provides an excellent prototype for the study of TM helix association, a key event in the folding of membrane proteins (18). The dimer also is an appropriate model for these investigations, because it is stable in a variety of micelles, including SDS (19), and a solution NMR structure is available (20). There are two Gly residues at the dimer interface that allow an intimate contact of the main chain, a feature frequently observed in TM helical interfaces (21,22). Because vibrational coupling is sensitive to distance, the proximity of the backbones is advantageous. GpA also was selected because verification of the applicability of the 2D IR method to membrane protein aggregates is of great interest and because there is a chronic paucity o...