PICOSEC: Charged particle timing at sub-25 picosecond precision with a Micromegas based detector

Bortfeldt, J.; Lupberger, M.; Gallinaro, M.; Zhou, Yi; Niaouris, Vasileios; Gustavsson, T.; Qi, Binbin; David, C.; Stenis, M. van; Legou, P.; Manthos, I.; Paraschou, K.; Wang, Xudong; Oliveri, E.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Müller, H.; Fanourakis, G.; Schneider, Thomas; Thuiner, Patrik; Franchi, Jimmy; Tzamarias, S.; Pomorski, M.; Maillard, O.; Resnati, F.; Tsipolitis, Y.; Brunbauer, F.; Kebbiri, M.; Schwemling, Ph.; Guyot, C.; González-Díaz, D.; Veenhof, R.; Papaevangelou, T.; Desforge, D.; Iguaz, F.J.; Sohl, L.; Ropelewski, L.; White, S.; Sampsonidis, D.; Giomataris, I.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.04.033

Cited by 66 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The model, based on simple geometrical arguments, has shown good agreement with the observed behavior by assuming an additional time jitter of 7.5 ps due to the reflected light. We conclude that the MCP-PMT is appropriate for use as a time reference to determine the time resolution of detector prototypes like the PICOSEC-Micromegas, that have shown a time resolution of 25 to 30 ps [1], as long as the investigated region in the detector under test is well aligned to the MCP-PMT and has a diameter smaller than 13 mm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Timing performance of a Micro-Channel-Plate Photomultiplier Tube

Bortfeldt

Brunbauer

David

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The spatial dependence of the timing performance of the R3809U-50 Micro-Channel-Plate PMT (MCP-PMT) by Hamamatsu was studied in high energy muon beams. Particle position information is provided by a GEM tracker telescope, while timing is measured relative to a second MCP-PMT, identical in construction. In the inner part of the circular active area (radius r<5.5 mm) the time resolution of the two MCP-PMTs combined is better than 10 ps. The signal amplitude decreases in the outer region due to less light reaching the photocathode, resulting in a worse time resolution. The observed radial dependence is in quantitative agreement with a dedicated simulation. With this characterization, the suitability of MCP-PMTs as t 0 reference detectors has been validated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Timing performance of a Micro-Channel-Plate Photomultiplier Tube

Bortfeldt

Brunbauer

David

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…These observations do not have an electronic origin, as the signal shape is the same for different signal sizes, but can be explained by the charge amplification in the first Micromegas detector stage, as shown in a detailed detector response simulation [8]. The detector time resolution at each operation point has been derived from the SAT-amplitude correlations, leading to a best value of 76.0 ± 0.4 ps [7].…”

Section: Timing Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PICOSEC detector concept [7] consists of a two-stage amplification Micromegas detector coupled to a Cherenkov radiator coated with a photocathode, as shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Detection Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged particle timing at sub-25 picosecond precision: The PICOSEC detection concept

Iguaz

Bortfeldt

Brunbauer

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The PICOSEC detection concept consists in a "two-stage" Micromegas detector coupled to a Cherenkov radiator and equipped with a photocathode. A proof of concept has already been tested: a single-photoelectron response of 76 ps has been measured with a femtosecond UV laser at CEA/IRAMIS, while a time resolution of 24 ps with a mean yield of 10.4 photoelectrons has been measured for 150 GeV muons at the CERN SPS H4 secondary line. This work will present the main results of this prototype and the performance of the different detector configurations tested in 2016-18 beam campaigns: readouts (bulk, resistive, multipad) and photocathodes (metallic+CsI, pure metallic, diamond). Finally, the prospects for building a demonstrator based on PICOSEC detection concept for future experiments will be discussed. In particular, the scaling strategies for a large area coverage with a multichannel readout plane, the R&D on solid converters for building a robust photocathode and the different resistive configurations for a robust readout.

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“…The APD and amplifier were operated at room temperature (≈ 20 • C) during the measurements, the APD bias voltage was 1750 V. A 2.5 GHz 20 GSa/s oscilloscope was used to digitise the waveforms. The measurements were carried out within the infrastructure of PICOSEC [21]. In particular, the PICOSEC setup provided particle tracking with a resolution of 40 µm.…”

Section: A Similar Gain Degradation Was Observed Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep diffused APDs for charged particle timing applications: Performance after neutron irradiation

Vignali

Gallinaro

Harrop

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Recent interest in pile-up mitigation through fast timing at the HL-LHC has focused attention on technologies that now achieve minimum ionising particle (MIP) time resolution of 30 picoseconds or less. The constraints of technical maturity and radiation tolerance narrowed the options in this rapidly developing field for the ATLAS and CMS upgrades to low gain avalanche detectors and silicon photomultipliers. In a variety of applications where occupancies and doses are lower, devices with pixel elements of order 1 cm 2 , nevertheless achieving 30 ps, would be attractive.In this paper, deep diffused Avalanche Photo Diodes (APDs) are examined as candidate timing detectors for HL-LHC applications.Devices with an active area of 8 × 8 mm 2 are characterised using a pulsed infrared laser and, in some cases, high energy particle beams. The timing performance as well as the uniformity of response are examined.The effects of radiation damage on current, signal amplitude, noise, and timing of the APDs are evaluated using detectors with an active area of 2 × 2 mm 2 . These detectors were irradiated with neutrons up to a a 1-MeV neutrons fluence Φ eq = 10 15 cm −2 . Their timing performance was characterised using a pulsed infrared laser.While a time resolution of 27 ± 1 ps was obtained in a beam test using an 8 × 8 mm 2 sensor, the present study only demonstrates that gain loss can be compensated by increased detector bias up to fluences of Φ eq = 6 · 10 13 cm −2 .So it possibly falls short of the Φ eq = 10 14 cm −2 requirement for the CMS barrel over the lifetime of the HL-LHC. IntroductionThe high luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) foreseen to start in 2026 will provide an instantaneous luminosity of up to 5 · 10 34 cm −2 s −1 with a bunch spacing of 25 ns, and an average pile-up of up to 200 collisions per bunch crossing [1]. This value of pile-up presents a challenge for the experiments, as currently ATLAS and CMS have reached a typical number of concurrent interactions within the same bunch crossing (pile-up) of approximately 35 [2, 3]. At present, the effects of pile-up on physics analyses are mitigated by resolving the primary vertices within one bunch crossing along the beam axis. The physics objects are then associated to the correspondingvertices by using the tracking information. This strategy was used also at Tevatron, where the pile-up was ≈ 6. The pile-up at HL-LHC will pose a challenge to this method, as a significant fraction of the primary vertices will have a distance smaller than the resolution of the vertex detectors, making an association to the reconstructed physics objects impossible.A different method to associate the reconstructed objects to separate vertices relies on the measurement of the time of arrival of the particles at the detectors.A sufficiently accurate time measurement effectively reduces the vertex density, improving the event reconstruction capability of the experiments. Since the RMS spread of the primary vertices at HL-LHC is foreseen to be ≈ 170 ps within on...

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PICOSEC: Charged particle timing at sub-25 picosecond precision with a Micromegas based detector

Cited by 66 publications

References 14 publications

Timing performance of a Micro-Channel-Plate Photomultiplier Tube

Timing performance of a Micro-Channel-Plate Photomultiplier Tube

Charged particle timing at sub-25 picosecond precision: The PICOSEC detection concept

Deep diffused APDs for charged particle timing applications: Performance after neutron irradiation

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