Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases

Tapparel, Caroline; Siegrist, Fredy; Petty, Tom J.; Kaiser, Laurent

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.016

Cited by 376 publications

(389 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…The enterovirus genus of this family consists of many viruses, which include coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses, polioviruses, rhinoviruses and numbered enteroviruses. 4 Enteroviruses are mainly transmitted via the faeco-oral route, through consumption of contaminated food and water, direct contact with infected persons, and vertical spread during the intrapartum period. 5,6 These viruses are shed in high quantities in stools, and can have prolonged shedding of up to 11 weeks in some settings, such as preschool environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the diseases associated with enteroviruses include meningitis, encephalitis, common cold, bronchiolitis, conjunctivitis, myocarditis, hepatitis and HFMD. 4,9 Even though enteroviruses primarily replicate in the gastrointestinal tract, Reference strains representing all the groups (A-D) of enteroviruses were used CV: coxsackievirus, E: echovirus, EV: enterovirus, HEV: human enteroviruses, PV: poliovirus, SV: simian virus Figure 2: Phylogenetic analysis of the patient's isolates (labelled with solid black dots) using partial VP1 gene nucleotide sequences they rarely cause disease at this site. 4 Some EVs have a predilection for certain diseases in the body, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in a patient infected with HIV

Mayaphi

Zyl

Sono

et al. 2015

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Case studyIn August 2013, a 12-year-old boy infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who has been on antiretroviral therapy for more than two years, presented to the Tshwane District Hospital HIV clinic with fever and a rash. His symptoms had started two days ago. The rash was mainly on the palms and soles, and was sometimes itchy. His antiretroviral (ARV) drug regimen consisted of zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine. He was no longer receiving prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia at the time of consultation.On examination, he was clinically stable and pyrexial (37.6 °C). The boy had a macular rash on his palms and soles (Figure 1), and a vesicular rash at the right corner of his mouth. There were dark streaks on his palate, and no other lesions. In addition to his ARV drugs, he was also prescribed mupirocin ointment and oral acyclovir. A blood sample for syphilis tests was taken on the day of consultation, and a stool sample was submitted a day later for enterovirus testing.Blood taken a month before this consultation revealed that the patient's HIV viral load was undetectable, and the CD4 count was 929 cells/µl (30.9%). The syphilis tests, rapid plasma reagin and the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay were all negative. Enterovirus realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), carried out on a stool sample, tested positive. A leftover serum sample (after the syphilis testing) tested negative on enterovirus real-time RT-PCR.However, this sample was slightly haemolysed and was tested five days after collection. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nested enterovirus RT-PCR products from the stool sample showed that the patient was infected with the coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) strain. At the follow-up visit, the patient and his guardian reported that the rash had disappeared completely without any complications, roughly a week after the consultation. MethodEthical approval for this investigation was obtained from the University A 12-year-old boy on treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presented to an HIV clinic with fever and a rash on the palms and soles. The syphilis test were negative. Enterovirus was identified from a stool sample by PCR and characterised as as coxsackievirus A6(CVA6). The patient completely recovered a week later. CVA6 has recently been associated with HFMD. This case highlights the significance of the laboratory confirmation of suspected HFMD cases aand phylogenetic analysis of the identified virus.Peer reviewed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in a patient infected with HIV

Mayaphi

Zyl

Sono

et al. 2015

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…Typical features of severe disease include systemic spread of the virus into the blood and certain inner organs, leading to disturbed organ function that causes the symptoms of the disease. The target organ that becomes infected depends on the tropism of the virus imposed on certain cell types, a phenomenon which is largely linked to the serotype of the virus and the binding of the virus to specific cellular receptors [9,10].…”

Section: Lessons From Other Enterovirus Diseases and The Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Infections as Potential Targets of Preventive Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes

Nurminen

Oikarinen²,

Hyöty

2012

Rev Diabet Stud

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Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and are attractive targets for preventive interventions. Several studies have shown that viruses can cause diabetes in animals, indicating their potential as candidates for environmental triggering agents. However, human studies have been hampered by the complex nature of the disease pathogenesis, leaving the question of viral etiology unanswered. Significant progress has recently been made in this field by searching for viruses within pancreatic tissue samples, and by carrying out prospective studies. Consequently, there is increasing evidence for a group of enteroviruses acting as possible environmental key triggers. In past studies, these viruses have been linked to type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that they exert tropism to pancreatic islets, and that they are associated with the start of the beta-cell damaging process. Also, polymorphisms of the gene coding for the innate immune system sensor for enteroviruses (IFIH1) were found to modulate the risk of diabetes. Based on these findings, interest in the possible development of vaccines against these viruses has increased. However, even if enterovirus vaccines (polio vaccines) are effective and safe, we currently lack necessary information for the development of a vaccine against diabetogenic enteroviruses, e.g. regarding the identification of their specific serotypes and the causal relationship between these viruses and diabetes initiation. Ongoing research projects are currently addressing these questions, and will hopefully increase the consensus in this field. Also, new sequencing technologies will provide additional information about the whole virome, which could enable the discovery of new candidate viruses.

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“…However, less than 10% of these infections manifest with clinical presentations [2]. Clinically manifest enterovirus infections range from very mild ones like common cold [3], to serious ones like intrauterine transmission with fatal outcome [4] and paralysis or myelitis [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of a Panenterovirus Vp1 Assay on Our Perception of the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Sample

Adeniji

Faleye

Adewumi

et al. 2016

JHVRV

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The number of independent emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (cVDPV2) lineages and the magnitude of the outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the significance of enterovirus co-infection and its preponderance in the country. Despite this, besides polioviruses, little or no attention is given to enterovirus co-infections. More recently, a reversetranscriptase semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay for the direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was added to the WHO recommended protocols for enterovirus surveillance. We previously showed that primers 292 and 222 (for which AN89 and AN88, respectively, are consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers [CODEHOP] versions) mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. We therefore ask whether the primers AN89 and AN88 used in this recently recommended RT-snPCR protocol, like primers 292 and 222, will also mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. RNA was extracted from 30 archived samples (both clinical specimen and cell culture isolates) and the VP1 gene amplified using the WHO recommended RTsnPCR assay and modifications that included the primers 187, 188 and 189 for which primer 292 (and consequently AN89) is a consensus. Amplicons were sequenced and isolates identified. Our results showed that primers AN89 and AN88 also mask enterovirus co-infection and inclusion of the primers 187, 188 and 189 allowed the resolution of such mixed isolates. Consequently, expanding the recommended RT-snPCR protocol to include primers 187, 188 and 189 will enable us better detect enterovirus co-infection.

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Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases

Cited by 376 publications

References 156 publications

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in a patient infected with HIV

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in a patient infected with HIV

Virus Infections as Potential Targets of Preventive Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes

The Impact of a Panenterovirus Vp1 Assay on Our Perception of the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Sample

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