“…The class I PI3Ks (PI3Ka, PI3Kb, PI3Kg, and PI3Kd) are heterodimers that predominantly recognize PtdIns 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P 2 ) to produce PtdIns (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 ) at the plasma membrane; for example, after antigen receptor activation (Hawkins et al, 2006;Vanhaesebroeck et al, 2010). Class II (PI3K-C2a, PI3K-C2b, and PI3K-C2g) and class III PI3Ks are known to produce PtdIns3P in distinct cellular compartments (Domin et al, 2000;Franco et al, 2014;Petiot et al, 2000;Shiwarski et al, 2017). VPS34, the sole class III PI3K, is a key regulator of autophagosome formation through the synthesis of PtdIns3P (Backer, 2016;Herman and Emr, 1990;Petiot et al, 2000).…”