PI2 controller based coordinated control with Redox Flow Battery and Unified Power Flow Controller for improved Restoration Indices in a deregulated power system

Velusami, S.; Chidambaram, I. A.

doi:10.1016/j.asej.2015.08.001

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Different optimization methods are used in [171][172][173][174] for tuning the PID controllers' parameters of LFC. Authors in [183] presented the performances of different classical control approaches, e.g., proportional-integral (PI), integral plus double derivative (IDD), integral (I), and proportional-integral-derivative (PID), which are compared with recently introduced Proportional-Integral plus Double Derivative (PIDD) controllers for AGC [34].…”

Section: Classical Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2018

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Power systems are the most complex systems that have been created by men in history. To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control loops are needed. Voltage frequency plays a vital role in power systems which need to be properly controlled. To this end, primary and secondary frequency control loops are used to control the frequency of the voltage in power systems. Secondary frequency control, which is called Load Frequency Control (LFC), is responsible for maintaining the frequency in a desirable level after a disturbance. Likewise, the power exchanges between different control areas are controlled by LFC approaches. In recent decades, many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey on the topic of LFC. In this survey, the used LFC models for diverse configurations of power systems are firstly investigated and classified for both conventional and future smart power systems. Furthermore, the proposed control strategies for LFC are studied and categorized into different control groups. The paper concludes with highlighting the research gaps and presenting some new research directions in the field of LFC.Energies 2018, 11, 2497 2 of 35 before triggering the under/over frequency protection relays. The primary frequency control is usually implemented by the governor droop which results in steady stated errors. The secondary frequency control, which is called load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC), is responsible for regulating the frequency in power systems and has two main goals: (i) maintaining the frequency into a desirable range; and (ii) controlling the interchange power through major tie-lines between the different control areas. The main task of tertiary control level is re-dispatching generating units and ancillary reserve after a sever disturbance.With increasing the penetration level of renewable resources such as wind farms and photovoltaic plants in power systems, the uncertainties of active power production is highly increased, thus determining frequency variations. Such increase in active power fluctuation, beside the demand stochasticity, the frequency of power system would be highly oscillated. Therefore, future power systems need more robust and optimal LFC approaches that can handle such problems.Many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in interconnected power systems. These approaches can be categorized into four groups: (i) classical control approaches focus on designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for controlling the frequency and tie-lines power flows; (ii) modern control approaches including optimal control method, sliding mode control schemes, and adaptive control systems; (iii) intelligent control schemes, such as fuzzy control systems; and (iv) soft computing-based approaches for controllers' parameter tuning which had a considerable attention from researchers in the last decade. Survey MethodologySeveral methodologies can be followed for conduc...

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Section: Classical Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2018

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“…The issue of LFC for MAPS can be handled using direct synthesis approach for tuning the PID controller, as reported in [50]. In case of a deregulated power supply, the coordinated control can be achieved using PI2 controller with redox flow battery and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) [51]. Reduced-order modeling with fractional-order controller was used to achieve the LFC in a MAPS [52].…”

Section: Some Recently Developed Controllersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

et al. 2021

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The automatic load frequency control for multi-area power systems has been a challenging task for power system engineers. The complexity of this task further increases with the incorporation of multiple sources of power generation. For multi-source power system, this paper presents a new heuristic-based hybrid optimization technique to achieve the objective of automatic load frequency control. In particular, the proposed optimization technique regulates the frequency deviation and the tie-line power in multi-source power system. The proposed optimization technique uses the main features of three different optimization techniques, namely, the Firefly Algorithm (FA), the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The proposed algorithm was used to tune the parameters of a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to achieve the automatic load frequency control of the multi-source power system. The integral time absolute error was used as the objective function. Moreover, the controller was also tuned to ensure that the tie-line power and the frequency of the multi-source power system were within the acceptable limits. A two-area power system was designed using MATLAB-Simulink tool, consisting of three types of power sources, viz., thermal power plant, hydro power plant, and gas-turbine power plant. The overall efficacy of the proposed algorithm was tested for two different case studies. In the first case study, both the areas were subjected to a load increment of 0.01 p.u. In the second case, the two areas were subjected to different load increments of 0.03 p.u and 0.02 p.u, respectively. Furthermore, the settling time and the peak overshoot were considered to measure the effect on the frequency deviation and on the tie-line response. For the first case study, the settling times for the frequency deviation in area-1, the frequency deviation in area-2, and the tie-line power flow were 8.5 s, 5.5 s, and 3.0 s, respectively. In comparison, these values were 8.7 s, 6.1 s, and 5.5 s, using PSO; 8.7 s, 7.2 s, and 6.5 s, using FA; and 9.0 s, 8.0 s, and 11.0 s using GSA. Similarly, for case study II, these values were: 5.5 s, 5.6 s, and 5.1 s, using the proposed algorithm; 6.2 s, 6.3 s, and 5.3 s, using PSO; 7.0 s, 6.5 s, and 10.0 s, using FA; and 8.5 s, 7.5 s, and 12.0 s, using GSA. Thus, the proposed algorithm performed better than the other techniques.

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“…Several control methodologies have evolved in the last few decades for the LFC of a PS network using different approaches, for example, classical control [2], artificial neural network [3], fuzzy control [4], sliding mode control [5], adaptive control [6], internal model control (IMC) [7,8], and so on. Several researchers developed LFC techniques by improving the design approaches of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractional‐order PID and internal model control‐based dual‐loop load frequency control using teaching–learning optimization

Veerendar

Kumar

Sreeram

2023

Asian Journal of Control

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A load frequency controller is essential to counter load disturbances and minimize unscheduled power flow between interlinked areas of a power system. Hence, this paper proposes a fractional-order proportional-integral derivative (FOPID)-based dual-loop control approach for load frequency control of multiarea nonreheated thermal power systems (NRTPS) using teaching-learning optimization (TLO). A stability equation-based predictive model is used with internal model control in the internal loop of the proposed approach, whereas the external loop contains TLO-based FOPID controller. The proposed method is tested on two-area and three-area NRTPSs under various operating conditions. It is validated from the simulation results that the proposed approach improves the system response substantially compared to the well-known existing techniques. The robustness of the proposed method is also demonstrated by performing sensitivity analysis with parametric uncertainties, random load disturbances, generation rate constraints, and governor dead zone.

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PI2 controller based coordinated control with Redox Flow Battery and Unified Power Flow Controller for improved Restoration Indices in a deregulated power system

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

Fractional‐order PID and internal model control‐based dual‐loop load frequency control using teaching–learning optimization

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