Phytotoxin Isolated from Liquid Cultures of
            <i>Ceratocystis ulmi</i>

Salemink, C. A.; Rebel, Heggert; Kerling, L. C. P.; Tchernoff, V.

doi:10.1126/science.149.3680.202

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The yield of crude toxin was approximately 100 mg liter-'. These methods were similar to those of Salemink et al (18) and Rebel (15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Cultures were grown in liter amounts of medium (18) in Fernbach flasks at 23 C on a rotary shaker at 110 rpm. Cultures, harvested after 2 to 4 weeks, were filtered through Whatman No.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salemink et al (18) obtained a crude toxin by partial purification of culture filtrates of the fungus. They reported that 95% of the crude toxin was a glycopeptide and the remaining 5% was a carbohydrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Alfen

Turner²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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branes (23), interference with stomatal regulation of transpiration (31), and reduction of flow through the stem by either vascular plugging (4) or an increase in the viscosity of the xylem sap (5).The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of the glycopeptide toxin, isolated from C. ullni cultures, on the water balance and stem conductance of elm seedlings in order to elucidate the possible mode of action of the toxin in elm. We also tested whether dextrans similar in molecular weights to the toxin can mimic its action. MATERIALS AND METHODSCeratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau, freshly isolated from infected Ulmus americana L. trees, was used in all experiments. Cultures were grown in liter amounts of medium (18) in Fernbach flasks at 23 C on a rotary shaker at 110 rpm. Cultures, harvested after 2 to 4 weeks, were filtered through Whatman No. 42 paper, then through a 0.45-,um Millipore filter and concentrated approximately 20-fold under vacuum at 40 C. One volume 95% (v/v) ethanol was added and the precipitate was discarded. The ethanol was then removed and the filtrate was concentrated another 2-fold using vacuum evaporation at 40 C. The concentrated filtrate was dialyzed against distilled water at 4 C for 24 hr with 2 changes of H20. To prevent microbial growth, 0.5% (v/v) chloroform was added to the H,O. The dialysate was discarded and 5 volumes of 95% (v/v) ethanol were added to the dialyzed solution. It was then placed in a freezer for at least 24 hr. The precipitate, i.e., the crude toxin, was collected by centrifugation at 10,000g for 10 min. The yield of crude toxin was approximately 100 mg liter-'. These methods were similar to those of Salemink et al. (18)

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“…The yield of crude toxin was approximately 100 mg liter-'. These methods were similar to those of Salemink et al (18) and Rebel (15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Cultures were grown in liter amounts of medium (18) in Fernbach flasks at 23 C on a rotary shaker at 110 rpm. Cultures, harvested after 2 to 4 weeks, were filtered through Whatman No.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Alfen

Turner²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…Such a mutualistic relationship has been demonstrated between the bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus and the blue-stain Ceratocystis ulmi. The phenolic acids and glycoprotein produced by the blue-stain C. ulmi inhabiting in the galleries of the beetle can cause the wilting and death of the tree, facilitating the growth and development of S. multistriatus in the tissue of trees [31] [32]. Academy of Sciences, Beijing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Terpenoid and Phenolic Metabolites from the Fungus Xylaria sp. Associated with Termite Nests

Yan

et al. 2011

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Three new sesquiterpene acids, xylaric acids A-C (1-3, resp.), and a new tetralone (=3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one) derivative, 4, along with nine known compounds, xylaric acid D (5), hydroheptelidic acid (6), gliocladic acid (7), chlorine heptelidic acid (8), trichoderonic acid A (9), 16-(α-D-mannopyranosyloxy)isopimar-7-en-19-oic acid (10), 16-(α-D-glucopyranosyloxy)isopimar-7-en-19-oic acid (11), 5-carboxymellein (12), and naphthalen-1,8-diol 1-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (13) have been isolated from the solid culture of the ascomycete fungus Xylaria sp. associated with termite nest. The structures of these compounds were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3 and 5-9 were determined by combination of X-ray data and CD spectral analysis. The absolute configuration of 4 was assigned by Snatzke's method. Compounds 8 and 11 showed slight cytotoxicities against two cell lines A549 and SGC7901.

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“…It is generally agreed that high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by the causative fungus Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf. (Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau) are able to produce wilting (Salemink et al, 1965;Rebel, 1969;Van Alfen and Turner, 1975;Strobel et al, 1978); but the glycoproteins do not cause leaf necrosis. Low molecular weight metabolites, the Clo phenolic acids (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The phytotoxicity of some phenolic metabolic products of Ophiostoma ulmi to ulmus sp.

Claydon

Elgersma²,

Grove

1980

Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology

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The Clo phenolic acids, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-acetonylbenzoic acid (1) and its 6-(l-hydroxyacetonyl) (2) and 6-pyruvyl (3) analogues, metabolic products of O, ulmi on a chemically defined medium are also produced on elm tissue medium but are rapidly metabolised once the carbon source is exhausted. The phytotoxicity to cut shoots of U. glabra and U. hollandica of these acids and their 4-0-methyl ethers (4-6 respectively) and of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (7) has been investigated. None of the Clo acids consistently caused wilting or leaf necrosis in U. glabra but all three were toxic to U. hollandica. Diaporthic acid (4) caused severe leaf necrosis in both Ulmus sp. and the phenolic acid (7) caused wilting and necrosis of U. glabra shoots. Attempts to reproduce these effects in rooted U. glabra saplings were unsuccessful. Autoradiography of U. glabra shoots treated with [14C]-labelled acids (2) and (4) showed a uniform distribution of radioactivity in the tissues, but the labelled acids could not be recovered. There is no evidence that the low molecular weight metabolic products of O. ulmi are toxic to rooted saplings or proof that they are formed in vivo.

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Phytotoxin Isolated from Liquid Cultures of Ceratocystis ulmi

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi Toxin on Water Relations of Elm (Ulmus americana)

Terpenoid and Phenolic Metabolites from the Fungus Xylaria sp. Associated with Termite Nests

The phytotoxicity of some phenolic metabolic products of Ophiostoma ulmi to ulmus sp.

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