Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms

Knauert, Stefanie; Singer, Heinz; Hollender, Juliane; Knauer, Katja

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.023

Cited by 51 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To some extent, it was conducive to recovery of plant growth. A similar phenomenon was observed by Knauert et al (2010), who found that adverse effects of atrazine on photosynthetic efficiency of the macrophytes could be observed, but the herbicide exposure did not result in changes in plant growth. And, they speculated that more nutrients were available for the less sensitive macrophytes supporting their growth and thus compensating the direct phytotoxic effects of the herbicides.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…As primary producers, macrophytes play a major role in the aquatic carbon and nutrient cycling (Knauert et al 2010). They provide not only food, but also habitats for aquatic communities (Wetzel 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies demonstrated a clear reduction in emergent species and submerged macrophyte richness in lake littoral ecosystems (Sand-Jensen et al 2008;Azzella et al 2014), and in upper Chesapeake Bay (Kemp et al 1983) based on the current data and historical records, especially along the lakeshores and in shallow water area (depth less than 1 m). One of the main factors causing the degradation and loss of plant population aside from eutrophication is the exposure to various herbicides in surface waters (Kemp et al 1983;Knauert et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants

Wang

Que

Zheng

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The emergent plants Acorus calamus, Lythrum salicaria, and Scirpus tabernaemontani were exposed to atrazine for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days in a hydroponic system. Effects were evaluated investigating plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Results showed that selected plants survived in culture solution with atrazine ≤8 mg L(-1), but relative growth rates decreased significantly in the first 15-day exposure. Chla content decreased, but MDA increased with increasing atrazine concentration. S. tabernaemontani was the most insensitive species, followed by A. calamus and L.salicaria. The growth indicators exhibited significant changes in the early stage of atrazine exposure; subsequently, the negative impacts weakened and disappeared. Plant growth may be more representative of emergent plant fitness than physiological endpoints in toxicity assessment of herbicides to emergent plants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants

Wang

Que

Zheng

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The herbicides atrazine, diuron and isoproturon, and the algicide terbutryn act as photosystem II inhibitors in plants and algae and can have a cumulative effect when present in a mixture (Brust et al, 2001;Knauert et al, 2010;Nyström et al, 2002). A clear relation (correlation r = 0.909, p < 0.001) between inhibition of the photosystem II and the concentration of relevant pesticides measured in the samples was observed (Figure 4).…”

Section: 1 Photosynthesis Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: Ozone or powdered activated carbon?

Margot

Kienle

Magnet³

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

677

404

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Highlights• Micropollutants are efficiently removed by both ozone and powdered activated carbon• Specific substances were removed more efficiently by ozone• Powdered activated carbon effectively removed a wider range of pollutants• Both treatments significantly reduced the toxicity of WWTP effluent AbstractMany organic micropollutants present in wastewater, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides, are poorly removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To reduce the release of these substances into the aquatic environment, advanced wastewater treatments are necessary. In this context, two large-scale pilot advanced treatments were tested in parallel over more than one year at the municipal WWTP of Lausanne, Switzerland. The treatments were: i) oxidation by ozone followed by sand filtration (SF) and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption followed by either ultrafiltration (UF) or sand filtration. More than 70 potentially problematic substances (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, drugs metabolites and other common chemicals) were regularly measured at different stages of treatment. Additionally, several ecotoxicological tests such as the yeast estrogen screen, a combined algae bioassay and a fish early life stage test were performed to evaluate effluent toxicity. Both treatments significantly improved the effluent quality. Micropollutants were removed on average over 80% compared with raw wastewater, with an average ozone dose of 5.7 mg O 3 l -1 or a PAC dose between 10 and 20 mg l -1 . Depending on the chemical properties of the substances (presence of electron-rich moieties, charge and hydrophobicity), either ozone or PAC performed better. Both advanced treatments led to a clear reduction in toxicity of the effluents, with PAC-UF performing slightly better overall. As both treatments had, on average, relatively similar efficiency, further criteria relevant to their implementation were considered, including local constraints (e.g., safety, sludge disposal, disinfection), operational feasibility and cost. For sensitive receiving waters (drinking water resources or recreational waters), the PAC-UF treatment, despite its current higher cost, was considered to be the most suitable option, enabling good removal of most micropollutants and macropollutants without forming problematic by-products, the strongest decrease in toxicity and a total disinfection of the effluent.

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“…Submerged macrophytes (Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton lucens) exposed to herbicide mixtures (atrazine, isoproturon and diuron -photosystem II inhibitors)) in outdoor mesocosms also exhibited additivity in effects following exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations for 5 weeks (Knauert et al 2010). The same pesticide mixture at 30% of the hazardous concentration from a species sensitivity distribution also showed concentration addition in freshwater phytoplankton (Knauert et al 2008, Knauert et al 2009.…”

Section: Supporting Publications 2012:en-347 90mentioning

confidence: 97%

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

Dennis

Tiede

Thompson

2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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A systematic literature search identified publications relevant to repeated (94 papers) and mixture exposure (152 papers) of aquatic organisms. Limited data are available on pulsed exposure of pesticides and reports on repeated pulse or fluctuating exposures are even rarer. Although there has been recognition of the need for more realistic testing scenarios these lack a systematic approach. Among the reports on pesticide mixtures most of the plant studies evaluated interactions between mixtures of herbicides or fungicides / algicides. A small number of reports evaluated the effects on invertebrates of mixtures of pesticides with the same mode of action and these showed additive toxicity. More studies in invertebrates assessed interactions between pesticides with different modes of action including herbicide/ insecticide combinations some of which showed toxicity greater than additive. The majority of studies in fish have investigated the toxicity of insecticide mixtures. The toxicity of most combinations was at most additive, with a small number antagonistic. A small number of papers reported mixture effects of pesticides in amphibians; more than additive effects were observed with atrazine combinations. Simple models can be used to determine the additive toxicity of pesticide mixtures based on concentration addition or independent action. More complex models to determine the scale of synergy are species-and dose-dependent and rely on an understanding of the interactions involved. Further work is required to develop a greater understanding of the species, dose and time dependence of exposure to pesticide mixtures in which more complex interactions occur. In the interim, in the majority of cases the increase in toxicity is no greater than 3 fold when compared to additive, the deviation from additivity decreases with the increasing number of components in the mixture, and where no known interactions have been reported this may be an appropriate factor to include in risk assessments. KEY WORDSPulsed, mixtures, pesticides, aquatic organisms, synergism, additive effects DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors 1 Question No EFSA-Q-2011-00786. Repeated and Multiple Stress in Aquatic OrganismsSupporting publications 2012:EN-347 2The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the...

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Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms

Cited by 51 publications

References 49 publications

Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants

Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants

Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: Ozone or powdered activated carbon?

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

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