Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Cissus quadrangularis: influence of physicochemical factors

Abstract

Green chemistry approaches for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have become a new and promising field of research in recent years. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles [like gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and other metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.] by various chemical and physical approaches as well as the biological approaches mediated by number of microorganisms have been actively found. Plant-mediated synthesis approaches are found to be more reliable and economic route to synthesize these metal nanoparticles. Owing to the biodiversity of plant biomasses, the actual mechanism by which the plant constituents have contributed to the synthetic process is yet to be fully known. Although the feasibility of controlling, the size and shape of nanoparticles by variation in reaction conditions have been demonstrated in many studies. Conventionally, nanoparticles are synthesized by chemicals and physicochemical methods using several chemicals which later on become accountable for various risk due to their general toxicity, so that solving the objective biological approaches is coming up to fill these gaps. The plant-mediated synthesis process undergoes highly controlled approaches for making them suitable for metal nanoparticle synthesis. In addition, biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, one-step, and eco-friendly method. In addition, the plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for various diseases such as malaria, HIV, cancer, hepatitis, and other diseases. Including this some other relevant information regarding nanopharmaceutical products, companies that are involve in the manufacturing and commercialization process and their clinical trial status are also discussed. This review article gives an overview of the plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, possible compounds, and mechanisms that might be responsible for the reduction process as well as the potential pharmacological applications, currently available nanopharmaceutical products and their marketing status.

Efficient and robust biofabrication of silver nanoparticles by cassia alata leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity

“…4b). Similarly according to an earlier report, silver nanoparticles showed an EDX spectrum, with emission energy at 3 keV for silver and weak signals for other elements [31]. …”

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Fraxinus excelsior leaf extract and its antioxidant assay

“…The EDX profile displayed a strong peak at the energy of 3 keV for silver and also some of the weak peaks for C, O, Cl were observed which may have originated from the biomolecules bound to the surface of the silver nanoparticles. The emission energy at 3 keV indicates the reduction of silver ions to the elemental silver (Ag 0 ) (Vanaja et al 2013).…”

Biological Materials: Green Source Towards Silver Nanomaterials Synthesis

“…The effect of silver nitrate concentration, pH, reaction time and temperature on the synthesis was studied. High temp, pH, and a longer reaction period were found to favour NP synthesis 48 . Phyllanthusniruri, a hepatoprotective plant was also used to synthesize AgNP.…”