Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective

Shahzad, Naiyer; Khan, Wazir Zada; Shadab,; Ali, Asgar; Saluja, Sundeep Singh; Sharma, S. N.; Al‐Allaf, Faisal A.; Abduljaleel, Zainularifeen; Ibrahim, Ibrahim A.; Abdel-Wahab, Ali F.; Afify, Mohamed A; Al‐Ghamdi, Saeed S.

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.068

Cited by 220 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…β‐Sitosterol is well recognized for its therapeutic efficacy as a cholesterol‐lowering agent (total plasma cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein) (Alphonse, Ramprasath, & Jones, ; Desai, Dong, & Miller, ) and exhibits anticancerous (Sharmila & Sindhu, ) and anti‐inflammatory activities and protection against cardiovascular diseases (Desai et al, ; Shahzada et al, ), thus being an attractive source for the development of a variety of food enriched with this sterol. In the analysis of the β‐sitosterol content as a function of each of the two independent process variables studied, similar behaviors of β‐sitosterol amount was observed for the temperature and static time (Figure a,b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

Cornelio-Santiago

Mazalli

Rodrigues

et al. 2019

J Food Process Engineering

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The extraction efficiency of isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol was studied, and the effects of the process variables, static time (St), solvent‐to‐feed (S/F) ratio, and temperature (T) in the oil extraction yield (X0), free fatty acids (FFA) content, total phenolic content (TPC), and β‐sitosterol content were statistically investigated. The amount of solvent used (S/F) did not influence the X0, but St and T significantly influenced (p < .05) the X0. The condition that maximized the X0 (60.40%) occurred when a St of 9 min and a T of 86°C were used, and low level of FFA were observed in all oils obtained. The process variables studied did not significantly influence (p > .05) in the content of FFA (0.25–0.28%), TPC (29.10–38.47 mg GAE/kg oil), and β‐sitosterol content (9.51–40.32 mg/100 g oil). Its oil is a high source of unsaturated fatty acid. Pressurized liquid extraction is a promising technique for rapid extraction of oil including Brazil nut kernel. Its process recovered 90.58% of oil in 27 min (3 cycles for 9 min of static time). Practical Applications The optimization of pressurized green solvent extraction has been studied in order to demonstrate that this technology, even employing polar solvents, provides high yields in oil extraction. It is a technology under study that leaves no residue of toxic solvents on vegetable oils. In this study, the use of pressurized liquid extraction with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH) as solvents was employed to extract oil from Brazil nut kernel, focusing on the oil rapid recovery as an alternative process to increase the oil yield and improve the use of non‐timber forest product of Amazon biome.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

Cornelio-Santiago

Mazalli

Rodrigues

et al. 2019

J Food Process Engineering

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“…Various studies have indicated that there is not an "ideal" single point rehydration temperature for the optimum growth of cultures. For thermophilic cultures, temperature between 30 and 37 ∘ C was found best for posthydration viabilities, while the optimum range for mesophilic bacteria is [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ∘ C. The rehydration temperature should not be higher than 40…”

Section: Probiotics As Bioactive Ingredient For Functional Foodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…When incorporated as a functional food ingredient, plant sterols and stanols are frequently esterified with a fatty acid ester to increase the solubility in the food matrix [28]. Furthermore, dietary phytosterols were reported as inhibiting the uptake of both dietary and endogenously produced cholesterol on the intestinal cells and several studies suggest a protective role of phytosterols against colon, prostate, and breast cancer [29]. Phytosterols have been included in several food matrices with different degrees of effectiveness [30].…”

Section: Phytosterolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Dehydrated Foods for Health Preservation

Morais

Dammak

et al. 2018

Journal of Food Quality

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The market of functional foods has experienced a huge growth in the last decades due to the increased consumers’ awareness in a healthy lifestyle. Dried fruits constitute good snacks, in alternative to salty or sweet ones, and food ingredients due to their taste and nutritional/health benefits. Bioactive molecules are interesting sources to develop functional foods, as they play a major role in improving the health status and minimizing disease risks. The bioactive compounds most widely discussed in literature are presented in this review, for example, polyphenols, phytosterols, and prebiotics. Different technologies to dry bioproducts for producing functional foods or ingredients are presented. New drying techniques for the preservation of bioactive compounds are proposed, focusing more specifically on dielectric drying. A discussion on the techniques that can be used to optimize drying processes is performed. An overview on dehydrated plant based foods with probiotics is provided. The microorganisms used, impregnation procedures, drying methods, and evaluated parameters are presented and discussed. The principal bioactive compounds responsible for nutritional and health benefits of plant derived dried food products—fruits and vegetables, fruits and vegetables by-products, grains, nuts, and algae—are presented. Phytochemical losses occurring during pretreatments and/or drying processes are also discussed.

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“…[20][21][22] The most abundant phytosterols found in vegetable oils, seeds, nuts and oil derived products are campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. 20,21,23 Thus, the sample preparation step for the determination of phytosterol compounds generally includes a lipid extraction step, preceded by alkaline hydrolysis known as saponification. 24,25 Several different methods for lipid extraction and saponification have been described in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,21,23 Ultrasound-Assisted Saponification Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection J. Braz. Chem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted Saponification Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Phytosterols from Passion Fruit Seed Oil

Rotta

Silva

Maldaner

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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An ultrasound-assisted saponification (UAS) method for the determination of phytosterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) in passion fruit seed oil, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, was developed and validated. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 was obtained for all analytes. The recoveries for the proposed approach were between 103 and 107%, the limits of quantification were between 70 and 180 μg kg -1 and the precision values expressed in terms of relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 19%. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of passion fruit seed oil samples from different species, including yellow passion fruit, sweet granadilla and sweet passion fruit. In all species of analyzed passion fruit seed oils, β-sitosterol was found with the highest abundance, ranging from 0.90 ± 0.02 to 1.60 ± 0.01 mg g -1 of oil, followed by stigmasterol (0.70 ± 0.01 to 1.40 ± 0.12 mg g -1 of oil) and campesterol (0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.30 ± 0.06 mg g -1 of oil). Furthermore, the developed method proved to be a time-saving and efficient analytical procedure for the determination of phytosterols in oil samples.Keywords: Passiflora species, campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol IntroductionPassiflora species are cultivated throughout the world in tropical areas.1-3 Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit), Passiflora alata (sweet passion fruit), Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) and Passiflora edulis Sims (purple passion fruit) are species widely cultivated for their edible fruits. [4][5][6] Yellow passion fruit is the species most known and appreciated due to its organoleptic properties, such as an intense flavor and slight acidity. The pulp is destined for in natura consumption, but is predominantly used in juice production. 2,4 Furthermore, the pulp is known to be rich in bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamins A, C and D. 2,7 The large-scale production of passion fruit juice generates tons of by-products (peel and seeds) that are important raw materials in the food and cosmetic industries. 8 Recently, several studies have described that passion fruit peel is a source of fiber, predominantly pectin, which provides it with a range of potential applications as a stabilizer, emulsifier and as a thickening and gelling agent for the preparation of food products, e.g., functional beverages, mayonnaise and ice cream toppings. [8][9][10][11][12] In addition, it has been reported that passion fruit peel presents antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds. 5,13,14 Alternatively, passion fruit seeds are described as a rich source of lipids, proteins, minerals and fibers.14-16 Several studies have reported that passion fruit seeds contain about 30% oil, with linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids as the main fatty acids.14,15,17 Furthermore, as well as the peel, passion fruit seed oil has been described as a potential source of bioactive compounds, such as p...

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Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective

Cited by 220 publications

References 94 publications

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

Functional Dehydrated Foods for Health Preservation

Ultrasound-Assisted Saponification Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Phytosterols from Passion Fruit Seed Oil

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