Phytosterol vehicles used in a functional product modify carotenoid/cholesterol bioaccessibility and uptake by Caco-2 cells

Gies, Magali; Servent, Adrien; Borel, Patrick; Dhuique-Mayer, Claudie

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103920

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Steryl ferulates and hydroxycinnamate esters, are chain-breaking antioxidants and have proven cholesterol-lowering properties [26][27][28][29]. The development of functional food products enriched with plant sterols is a feasible way to provide consumers with novel healthy food products able to lower serum cholesterol levels [30,31] Squalene, a polyunsaturated triterpene containing six isoprene units, is naturally present in animal and plant organisms, and in yeast, as an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of sterols. As a minor constituent of food typical of the Mediterranean diet, squalene has been indicated as a key component in the prevention of cardiovascular heart disease, protection from cancer, and aging.…”

Section: Phytosterols and Squalenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Post-fermentation corn oil was characterized by the prevalence of tocopherols (981 ± 42.3 mg kg −1 , corresponding to 72% of total tocols) over tocotrienols (379 ± 33 mg kg −1 , corresponding to 28% of total tocols), with γ-tocopherol prevailing over αand δhomologues, as typical for corn [31,35]. The levels of γ-tocopherol after saponification accounted for an average value of 742 mg kg −1 , followed by α-tocopherol (216 mg kg −1 ) and very minor amounts of δ-tocopherol (22.4 mg kg −1 ).…”

Section: Tocopherols and Tocotrienolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

Lena¹,

Pulgar²,

Boccia³

et al. 2020

Foods

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This paper reports data from a characterization study conducted on the unsaponifiable lipid fraction of dry-grind corn bioethanol side streams. Phytosterols, squalene, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenoids were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in different lots of post-fermentation corn oil and thin stillage collected from a bioethanol plant over a time-span of one year. Fat-soluble bioactives were present at high levels in corn oil, with a prevalence of plant sterols over tocols and squalene. Beta-sitosterol and sitostanol accounted altogether for more than 60% of total sterols. The carotenoid profile was that typical of corn, with lutein and zeaxanthin as the prevalent molecules. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction profile of thin stillage was qualitatively similar to that of post-fermentation corn oil but, in quantitative terms, the amounts of valuable biomolecules were much lower because of the very high dilution of this side stream. Results indicate that post-fermentation corn oil is a promising and sustainable source of health-promoting bioactive molecules. The concomitant presence of a variegate complex of bioactive molecules with high antioxidant potentialities and their potential multifaceted market applications as functional ingredients for food, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical formulations, make the perspective of their recovery a promising strategy to create new bio-based value chains and maximize the sustainability of corn dry-grind bioethanol biorefineries.

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Section: Phytosterols and Squalenementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tocopherols and Tocotrienolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

Lena¹,

Pulgar²,

Boccia³

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…The recommended intake of phytosterols is about 1.5–3 g/day. Those amounts can reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by 7–12% . However, the natural dietary intake of phytosterols (about 167–437 mg/day) is much lower than the recommended intake .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Physical Properties, and In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Hydrophilic β-Sitosterol Sugar Esters

Liu

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Hydrophilic β-sitosterol sugar esters were synthesized by a two-step biocatalytic approach using β-sitosterol vinyl adipate as an intermediate. The maximum conversion (above 90%) of β-sitosterol vinyl adipate was achieved using the saccharides glucose, sucrose, and raffinose. The chemical structure of the synthesized esters was confirmed by various techniques. The investigation of physical properties revealed that β-sitosterol sugar esters had enhanced water solubility (3.0–8.0 mM at 35 °C), reduced crystallinity, and high wettability. Their lyotropic liquid crystal properties were observed by polarized light microscopy. Furthermore, β-sitosterol sugar esters could be hydrolyzed into β-sitosterol adipate under simulated intestinal conditions at a low rate (2.83–18.14%). Most β-sitosterol sugar esters probably entered into intestinal bile salt micelles with ester bonds intact and showed up to 10-fold higher in vitro bioaccessibility than free β-sitosterol in non-fat systems. The excellent physical and functional characteristics of β-sitosterol sugar esters suggested their great potential application in the food industry.

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“…They are significantly related to the level of serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Piepoli et al., 2018). Generally speaking, the recommended intake of phytosterols is 2 g/day to decrease the LDL‐C level by 7%–12% (Gies et al., 2020). However, the application of free phytosterols (FPs) in foods was limited due to problems of poor solubility and bioavailability (Feng et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

Chen

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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Phytosterols have received an extensive attention owing to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity and the role in cardiovascular diseases prevention. Phytosterol diacid monoesters, the important intermediates in the structural modification of free phytosterols, were usually obtained by chemical method with catalyst. The aim of this research was to provide an eco-friendly approach for the preparation of phytosterol diacid monoester and explore the possible mechanism of their hypocholesteremic effect using model bile mixed micelles. Catalyst-free synthesis of β-sitosterol with succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and glutaric anhydride was investigated and optimized. The yields of three β-sitosterol diacid monoesters all reached above 94% under optimum reaction conditions and their chemical structures were confirmed further by mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared with β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol diacid monoesters possessed the increased thermal stability (up to an above 355.28 • C) and improved solubility in binary mixed micelle system (exceeding 1.7 mM) and similar cholesterol-lowering activity (7.78%-11.05%). Moreover, β-sitosterol diacid monoesters showed the competitive effect on solubilization of cholesterol due to their enhanced micellar incorporation capacity. Overall, the competition with cholesterol in vitro gives useful information about the cholesterol-lowering activity of phytosterol diacid monoesters, which will further expand their applications in the food industry and health.

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Phytosterol vehicles used in a functional product modify carotenoid/cholesterol bioaccessibility and uptake by Caco-2 cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

Synthesis, Physical Properties, and In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Hydrophilic β-Sitosterol Sugar Esters

Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

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