Phytoremediation Potential of Zea mays L. and Panicum coloratum L. on Hydrocarbon Polluted Soils

Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil Using Maize (Zea mays) and Mycorrhiza Inoculation

“…It could be seen that the contaminated soil samples on which were grown maize (Zea mays) that were inoculated with micorrhizal (M + B + and M + B -} had better uptake of heavy metals. showed the ability of the Zea mays plant to translocate the heavy metals from root to shoot as shown by previous investigations (Anukwa et al, 2021;Brown et al, 1994;Vigliota et al, 2016).…”

“…Lin and Mendelssohn (1998) indicated that the salt marsh grasses Spartina alternifioraI and S. patens could potentially increase subsurface aerobic biodegradation of spilled oil by transporting oxygen to their roots. Phytoextraction applies to metals (e.g., Ag, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn), metalloids (e.g., As, Se), radionuclides (e.g., B) (Jamil et al, 2009;Chandra et al, 2010;Suchkova et al, 2010;Anukwa et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021) as these are generally not further degraded or changed in form within the plant. Metals within the root zone can be stabilised by changing from soluble to insoluble oxidation states through root-mediated precipitation.…”

Oil-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Biodegradation by Autochthonous Microorganisms and Phytoremediation by Maize (Zea mays)

“…Zea mays is tolerant to high concentrations of xenobiotics and has a high rate of pollution accumulation, grows quickly, has large biomass production and is resistant to diseases and pests [ 124 ]. Beneficial results were also obtained during the use of maize in phytoremediation tests of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons [ 97 , 98 , 99 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ]. Most researchers conducting research using Zea mays in bioremediation treatments focus only on the phytoremediation process, not taking into account combined techniques, e.g., phytoremediation supported by inoculation [ 98 , 99 ].…”

“…Beneficial results were also obtained during the use of maize in phytoremediation tests of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons [ 97 , 98 , 99 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ]. Most researchers conducting research using Zea mays in bioremediation treatments focus only on the phytoremediation process, not taking into account combined techniques, e.g., phytoremediation supported by inoculation [ 98 , 99 ]. Since the tests were conducted under three systems (system 1—phytoremediation; system 2—phytoremediation enhanced with inoculation with biopreparation B2; and system 3—phytoremediation enhanced with inoculation with biopreparation with added γ-PGA), it was possible to determine the optimum conditions for the remediation of soil from waste pit areas and take into account the impact of bioaugmentation on the effectiveness of the phytoremediation process.…”

“…Other haptophytes include the common toadflax ( Linaria vulgaris ) [ 86 ], European dewberry ( Rubus caesius ), tufted grass ( Holcus lanatus ) [ 87 ], white clover ( Trifolium repens ) [ 88 ], sweet yellow clover ( Melilotus officinalis ) [ 89 ] and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) [ 90 ]. Further plant species, which can successfully be used in the phytoremediation of petroleum compounds, include the marvel of Peru ( Mirabilis jalapa ) [ 91 ], alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) [ 92 ], perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum ) [ 93 , 94 ], common bird’s-foot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus ) [ 94 , 95 ], sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) [ 96 ], maize ( Zea mays ) [ 97 , 98 , 99 ], Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) [ 100 ], nodding beggarticks ( Bidens cernua ) [ 101 ], common blanketflower ( Gaillardia aristata ) [ 102 ], eastern purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea ) [ 102 , 103 ] and grasses and leguminous plants [ 104 , 105 , 106 ]. Since the plants used for phytoremediation should grow fast, have a deep and extensive root system and fairly high biomass, trees such as poplars ( Populus L.) and birches ( Salix L.) [ 107 , 108 ] are increasingly often considered as plants, which can be used for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.…”