Phytoremediation-a sustainable remedial method for soil contaminated by vanadium

Abstract

Vanadium amassing in the soil increased with its widespread usage in multi-field. Elevated soil vanadium confers adverse effects on living organisms involved in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Moreover, vanadium can enter the human body through the food chain and lead to potential health risks stemming from its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, the remediation of soil contaminated by vanadium is imperative. Phytoremediation, a clean phytotechnology, is gaining increasing grace in modern society that prefers spirit-enjoy persuing. However, due to the blemishes of the remediation plants per se, the remediation efficiency relying on plants alone is not attractive. Therefore, the strengthened screening of vanadium accumulator and hyperaccumulator plants should step forward. Simultaneously, it is necessary to improve phytoremediation efficiency by some complementary measures, such as inoculating plant growth-promoting bacteria, vanadium reducing bacteria, and the proper application of plant growth regulators. Overall, microbe-assisted and moderate usage of plant growth-promoting factors are promising for the phytoremediation of vanadium-contaminated soil.